1. 2011 STATE OF THE WORLD ： INNOVATIONS THAT NOURISH THE PLANET 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 國立臺南大學 生態科技學系 生態議題論述 2011 April

2. Foreword  現象： We produce more food than ever before and in which the hungry have never been as many.  原因： We have focused on increasing availability while neglecting both the distributional impacts of food production and their long-term environmental impacts.  面對： Hunger and malnutrition has been increasing grounded since the 1996 World Food Summit on the right to adequate food. 生態議題論述 2011 2

3. The right to adequate food  1996 World Food Summit on the right to adequate food.  In 2000, the UN established the mandate( 指令 ) of the appointment of the Special Rapporteur( 特別記 錄員 ) on the right to food.  In 2004, governments agreed to support the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security. 生態議題論述 2011 3

4. Three important learning ( 事實 ) 生態議題論述 2011 4 1.We realize how fragile our current food systems are. 2.There is mounting evidence that climate change will significantly affect agricultural production. 3.We now understand that increasing the production of food and eradicating hunger and malnutrition are two very different objectives. (complementary perhaps, but not necessarily linked)

5. Green revolution ( 案例 ) 生態議題論述 2011 5  It took a generation to understand that the “Green revolution” package of irrigation, mechanization, high-yielding seed varieties, and chemical fertilizers may have to be fundamentally revised in order to be more sustainable, both socially and environmentally.  The researchers who considered the equity dimension concluded that inequality increased as a result of the technological shift.

6. Agro-ecological approaches 生態議題論述 2011 6  Agro-ecological approaches move away from the 20 th century tendency to reduce nature to its separate elements.  Instead, they recognize the complexity of food production.  They see the plant in relation to ecosystems.  They reward the inventiveness of farmers.  Agroecology is generally characterized by a low use of external inputs, limiting dependence on high-priced fertilizers and pesticides.

7. Agro-ecological approaches 生態議題論述 2011 7  Agroecological techniques requires a close link between the farmer and the land, they can be labor-intensive.  The creation of employment in rural areas can benefit rural development.  But systems that rely primarily on locally produced inputs, on the expertise of farmers, and on sustainable modes of production will not flourish without strong public policies that encourage such a shift.

8. Governments 生態議題論述 2011 8  Governments can support these systems by giving priority to sustainable agriculture in public procurement programs( 公共採購計畫 ) or by fiscal incentives that tax the externalities produced by large- scale heavily mechanized plantations and that reward production that contributes to poverty reduction and environmental sustainability.  The right to food, which includes a dimension of sustainability, cannot be left simply to ehe mechanisms of the market.  Governments have to implement national strategies on the realization of the right to food.

9. Preface 生態議題論述 2011 9  World hunger can be eliminated with money and technology alone is being discredited ( 喪失信用 ) not just by its own shortcomings but by exciting evidence that new approaches to building a sustainable, nourishing agricultural system can effectively supplement or replace the innovations found in the standard agricultural toolbox.  This is particularly true in sub-Saharan Africa, where thousands of small farmers are drawing on ancient cultural wisdom, along with clever new technologies, to produce abundant food while devastating neither local soils nor the global ecosystem.

10. Innovations 生態議題論述 2011 10  By empowering small farmers, who dominate farming in Africa, with simple but transformative innovations, rapid and productive change is possible.  Many of the innovations described in this book can reverse the damage that food production often does to water and soils– and to the ecosystem services that we all depend on.  Agricultural innovations also contributes to improved human health.

11. 2011 State of the world: Innovations that Nourish the Planet  Chap.1 Charting a new path to eliminating hunger( 消除飢餓 )p.3-12( 榮楷 )  Chap.2 Moving eco-agriculture( 生態農業 ) into the mainstream p.15-24( 禔韓 )  Chap.3 The nutritional and economic potential of vegetables( 蔬菜 )p.27-35  Chap.4 Getting more crop per Drop( 每滴 ) p.39-48  Chap.5 Farmers take the lead in research and development p.51-57 ( 彥志 ) 生態議題論述 2011 11

12. 2011 State of the world: Innovations that Nourish the Planet  Chap.6 Africa’s soil fertility crisis( 土壤危機 ) and the coming famine p.59-68  Chap.7 Safeguarding local food biodiversity( 食物 多樣性 ) p.71-80 ( 俊選 )  Chap.8 Coping with climate change( 氣候變遷 ) and building resilience p.83-96  Chap.9 Post-harvest losses( 收成後的損失 ): a neglected field p.99-107  Chap.10 Feeding the cities( 城市 ) p.109-117 生態議題論述 2011 12

13. 2011 State of the world: Innovations that Nourish the Planet  Chap.11 Harnessing( 利用 ) the knowledge and skills of women farmers( 女性 )  Chap.12 Investing in Africa’s land: crisis and opportunity p.133-140  Chap.13 The missing links: going beyond production p.143-152( 郁珊 )  Chap.14 Improving food production from livestock ( 畜牧 ) p.155-163( 詩玲 )  Chap. 15 A road map( 途徑 ) for nourishing the planet p.165-182 生態議題論述 2011 13

14. Chap.1 Charting a new path to eliminating hunger  Go beyond seeds  Go beyond farms  Go beyond Africa  From the field:  Measuring success in Agricultural developement 生態議題論述 2011 14

15. Chap.2 Moving eco-agriculture( 生態農業 ) into the mainstream  Agro-ecological farming  Eco-agriculture landscapes  The potential  Realizing the potential  Mainstreaming  From the field  Innovations in rice breeding in Madagascar 生態議題論述 2011 15

16. Chap.5 Farmers take the lead in research and development  Supporting farmer-led innovation  Farmers driving the spread of innovation  Why support farmer-led innovation?  Lessons for development practitioners  From the field  Grain trading in Zambia 生態議題論述 2011 16

17. Chap.7 Safeguarding local food biodiversity( 食物多樣性 )  Preserving wild resources  Growing biodiversity in the field  Biodiversity and the community  From the field  Threats to animal genetic resources in Kenya 生態議題論述 2011 17

18. Chap.13 The missing links: going beyond production  Food security from the ground up  Costs and benefits  Help from outside  From the field  Churches moving beyond hunger relief 生態議題論述 2011 18

19. Chap.14 Improving food production from livestock  Why livestock matter  Better feeding strategies  Healthier animals  Coping with climate change  Conclusion  From the field  Small-scale livestock production in Rwanda 生態議題論述 2011 19

20. Chap.15 a road map for nourishing the planet 生態議題論述 2011 20  We have discussed the diversity of innovations that exist to help alleviate hunger and poverty.  From participatory plant breeding techniques and rainwater harvesting to making sure that crops do not spoil before they get to market, the chapters have highlighted ways to nourish both people and the planet.  These innovations, however, do not exist in a vacuum. They depend on other innovations.

21. Five parts 生態議題論述 2011 21  including innovations that help us understand the connections between all parts of the food system;  innovations that guide us in evaluating how well a particular practice or policy work; and  Innovations in institutional, governance, and policy reform that protect farmers, food sovereignty( 糧食 主權 ), and the fundamental human right to food.  Institutions to support people and the planet  Governance  Policy reform

22. Five parts 生態議題論述 2011 22 1.Innovations in understanding complex systems 2.Innovations in evaluating agricultural development projects 3.Innovations in institutions to support people and the planet 4.Innovations in governance 5.Innovations in policy reform

23. Ayo NUTN website: http://myweb.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/ 問題與討論 生態議題論述 2011 April 23 國立臺南大學 通識課程 2011 年春