1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology SIXTH EDITION Frederic H. Martini PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii Chapter 10, part 3 Muscle Tissue

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Internal tension generated inside contracting muscle fibers External tension generated in extracellular fibers Tension production by skeletal muscles

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.16 Internal and External Tension Figure 10.16

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Motor units All the muscle fibers innervated by one neuron Precise control of movement determined by number and size of motor unit Muscle tone Stabilizes bones and joints

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.17 Figure 10.17 The Arrangement of Motor Units in a Skeletal Muscle

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Isometric Tension rises, length of muscle remains constant Isotonic Tension rises, length of muscle changes Resistance and speed of contraction inversely related Return to resting lengths due to elastic components, contraction of opposing muscle groups, gravity Contractions Animation: Whole Muscle Contraction PLAY

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.18 Isotonic and Isometric Contractions Figure 10.18

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Animation: Skeletal muscle contraction PLAY Figure 10.19 Figure 10.19 Resistance and Speed of Contraction

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 10-5 Energy Use and Muscle Contraction

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Creatine phosphate releases stored energy to convert ADP to ATP Aerobic metabolism provides most ATP needed for contraction At peak activity, anaerobic glycolysis needed to generate ATP Muscle Contraction requires large amounts of energy

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.20 Muscle Metabolism Figure 10.20

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.20 Muscle Metabolism Figure 10.20

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy production and use patterns mirror muscle activity Fatigued muscle no longer contracts Build up of lactic acid Exhaustion of energy resources Energy use and level of muscular activity

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Begins immediately after activity ends Oxygen debt (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption) Amount of oxygen required during resting period to restore muscle to normal conditions Recovery period

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 10-6 Muscle Performance

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fast fibers Slow fibers Intermediate fibers Types of skeletal muscle fibers

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.21 Fast versus Slow Fibers Figure 10.21

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Large in diameter Contain densely packed myofibrils Large glycogen reserves Relatively few mitochondria Produce rapid, powerful contractions of short duration Fast fibers

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Half the diameter of fast fibers Take three times as long to contract after stimulation Abundant mitochondria Extensive capillary supply High concentrations of myoglobin Can contract for long periods of time Slow fibers

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Similar to fast fibers Greater resistance to fatigue Intermediate fibers

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pale muscles dominated by fast fibers are called white muscles Dark muscles dominated by slow fibers and myoglobin are called red muscles Training can lead to hypertrophy of stimulated muscle Muscle performance and the distribution of muscle fibers

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anaerobic endurance Time over which muscular contractions are sustained by glycolysis and ATP/CP reserves Aerobic endurance Time over which muscle can continue to contract while supported by mitochondrial activities Physical conditioning Animation: Muscle fatigue PLAY

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 10-7 Cardiac Muscle Tissue

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Located only in heart Cardiac muscle cells are small One centrally located nucleus Short broad T-tubules Dependent on aerobic metabolism Intercalated discs where membranes contact one another Structural characteristics of cardiac muscle

25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.22 Cardiac Muscle Tissue Figure 10.22

26. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Automaticity Contractions last longer than skeletal muscle Do not exhibit wave summation No tetanic contractions possible Functional characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue

27. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 10-8 Smooth Muscle Tissue

28. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nonstriated Lack sarcomeres Thin filaments anchored to dense bodies Involuntary Structural characteristics of smooth muscle

29. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.23 Smooth Muscle Tissue Figure 10.23

30. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functional characteristics of smooth muscle Contract when calcium ions interact with calmodulin Activates myosin light chain kinase Functions over a wide range of lengths Plasticity Multi-unit smooth muscle cells are innervated by more than one motor neuron Visceral smooth muscle cells are not always innervated by motor neurons Neurons that innervate smooth muscle are not under voluntary control

31. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings You should now be familiar with: The organization of muscle and the unique characteristics of skeletal muscle cells. The structural components of the sarcomere. The events at the neuromuscular junction. The key concepts involved in skeletal muscle contraction and tension production. How muscle fibers obtain energy for contraction. Aerobic and anaerobic contraction, muscle fiber types, and muscle performance. The differences between skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle