1. Design Patterns Gang Qian Department of Computer Science University of Central Oklahoma

2. Objectives Overview Hiding Object Creation Patterns that save space or time Bridge Pattern Procedures as Objects Composites Indirection Publish/Subscribe

3. What Is A Design Pattern Ways that programs are organized  Often utilizes type hierarchy Benefits  Improving performance or modifiability  Providing a vocabulary for understanding and discussing designs Problem  Increased complexity Should be used when benefits outweigh disadvantage Should always satisfy the substitution principle

4. Patterns That We Have Discussed Iterator pattern  Provide efficient access to elements of collection objects without revealing the rep Template pattern  Implementing concrete methods in a superclass using abstract methods Those abstract methods will be implemented in subclasses  The concrete method defines a template for how execution proceeds, while details are filled in later, when the subclasses are implemented

5. Hiding Object Creation Motivation:  Much OO code works based on an object’s behavior rather than the class that implements the object  However, code depends on the constructor of an implementing class to create the object  Sometimes, we want to limit the dependencies on classes Easy to replace the class No need to manually select a certain subclass to use for multiple implementations

6. Factory Pattern Factory pattern  Instead of using the constructor, factory methods are used to create objects of some class Example:  Iterator methods are factory methods that create generator objects. We do not use the constructor of the inner class  It is flexible since we can change the inner class at any time without affecting the using code  Figure: P does not directly depend on SetGen

8. Factory Class  Factory methods may be gathered together into a factory class  A factory class may provide a collection of static methods Those methods may create objects of a single type or of several different types

9. public class PolyProcs { /** EFFECTS: Creates the zero polynomial */ public static Poly makePoly() /** EFFECTS: If n < 0, throws NegativeExponentException; else returns the polynomial cx n */ public static Poly makePoly(int n, int c) throws NegativeExponentException }

10. Factory Objects  A factory class may also be used to create its own instances/objects called factory objects  The advantage is that the using code no long depends on the factory class that implements the factory methods. More flexibility can be achieved  Example in the figure: There are two different flavors of S and T that are created by Factory1 and Factory2 respectively M passes a factory object ( Factory1 and/or Factory2 ) to P which uses the Factory interface but is unaware of the subclasses of Factory

12. When to use a factory pattern  Useful when you want to hide the actual implementing class from the using code Example: When multiple implementations of a type are used, the factory method can choose a proper implementation for the using code There are two other design patterns that are closely related to factories

13. Builder pattern  A builder method not only hides the implementation choices for one or more types but also constructs a collection of objects of these types

14. Prototype pattern  A prototype is an object that can create other objects of its type  After a prototype is created by a module, the rest of the code calls a method of the prototype to obtain other objects of the prototype’s type  Different from clone() Newly created objects are in an initial state, not in the same state as that of the prototype

15. Patterns That Save Space or Time These patterns are useful for either speeding up a computation or reducing its storage requirements

16. Flyweight Pattern Flyweight pattern  Allows a program to reuse/share identical objects  The shared objects are called flyweights  Requires shared objects to be immutable Must avoid creating duplicate objects  So constructors cannot be used  Need a factory method, which checks a table that keeps track of existing objects

17. There are two possible structures In the first, the table is not accessible to the using code  The flyweight class provides a static factory method used to create flyweights  The table is maintained within the class as a static variable So the table is shared by all flyweights

18. /** OVERVIEW: Words are strings that provide methods to produce them in various forms. Words are immutable and for each unique string there is at most one word. */ public class Word { private static Hashtable t; // maps strings to words /** EFFECTS: Returns the word corresponding to s */ public static Word makeWord(String s) /** EFFECTS: Constructor. Creates a word from s */ private Word(String s) /** EFFECTS: Returns the string corresponding to this in the form suitable for context c */ public String mapWord(Context c)... }

19. The second structure allows users to access the table  Used when the table is used for other purposes, such as iterating over its elements, or when more than one table is needed  To implement: There is a table object that contains all the existing flyweights The factory method is a method of the object See an example on page 379

20. Entries need to be removed from the table if they are no longer in use  May use WeakReference  See a Java Text

21. Singleton Pattern Singleton pattern  Ensures that additional objects are not created if a type just needs a single object, called a singleton  The constructor of the type should not be accessible to using code  The EmptyIntList class is one example

22. public class IdentTable { /** OVERVIEW: An IdentTable is a mutable collection of identifiers; each distinct string has at most one entry in the table. There is only one IdentTable object. */ private static IdentTable t; // the singleton table public static IdentTable getTable() { if (t == null) t = new IdentTable(); return t; } private IdentTable() {... }... }

23. State Pattern State pattern  Supports objects whose rep changes dynamically Those objects that need to store different information in different states, or Those whose performance can be improved by changing their rep in different states  Different from multiple implementation When state changes, state pattern changes the rep of an object to a different type, while multiple implementation changes to another object with a different rep State pattern is made possible by using multiple implementation as the rep

24. Example: Set implementation  Use Vector for small sets  For large sets, use HashSet  Two thresholds T1 and T2 are needed When set size exceeds T1, switch to HashSet When size reduces to T2, switch back to Vector T2 < T1 to prevent unstable implementation for those sets whose size stays around T1

25.  A simple solution is to use Object as the rep in Set directly: Object els; // a vector or a hash set els can reference either a vector for a small set or a hash set for a large set Disadvantage: Code of each method needs to determine the current state and then cast els accordingly if (els instanceof Vector ) { Vector v = (Vector )els; // process v } else { HashSet t = (HashSet )els; // process t }  Both inconvenient and expensive

26. The state pattern offers a better solution by separating the type being implemented from the type used to implement it  The implemented type is called context  The implementing type is called state type Example: Set  Context: Set  State types: SetState, SmallSet, BigSet

28. Notes:  With the state pattern, context type does not need to determine the type of els using instanceof More efficient  The context is not in the hierarchy of state types. So they can have different methods  The place to switch to a different state type is set in the code of the context type We may also do this in the state type. Not good, since it requires the state type to use the context type, adding unnecessary dependency  The state pattern obviously increases programming complexity. Use it only when there is a significant benefit

29. More notes: State pattern can only be used for mutable types? Multiple implementations can be used for both mutable and immutable types  But it seems that, if multiple implementation is to be used directly by the using code, then it is more suitable for immutable types.  For mutable types, it seems that multiple implementation is more suitable as the state types, i.e., implementing classes

30. Bridge Pattern Motivation  Type hierarchy used to extend behavior can interfere with multiple implementations if they share the same superclass  Example 1: Need to create ExtendedPoly as a subtype of Poly. The new subtype ExtendedPoly adds more behaviors. However, SparsePoly and DensePoly have already been created as subtypes of Poly for multiple implementation We will need to implement ExtendedPoly with SparsePoly and DensePoly too  Not good since SparsePoly and DensePoly do not need to have the extended methods of ExtendedPoly

31. Example 2:  Set, BigSet, SmallSet  Now need to add ExtendedSet To solve the problem, we can separate the implementation hierarchy from the type family

33. Bridge pattern  Uses two different type hierarchies that has a relationship (a bridge) Notes:  The bridge pattern occurs naturally when the state pattern is used  It can also be used when a super type has both multiple implementations and extension subtypes  It adds complexity so use it only when necessary