1. Inference about Mean (σ Unknown) When σ is known, the sampling distribution for a sample mean is normal if conditions are satisfied. For many years, it was thought that when σ was unknown, this was still the case. However, because of the increased variability introduced by not knowing σ, the sampling distribution for a sample mean with unknown σ is not normal. This was discovered by W. S. Gosset, an Irish Brewery quality control inspector in 1908. He also discovered that when σ is unknown, we can still do inference using a sampling distribution model he discovered, the t- distribution. 1Section 9.1, Page 184

2. t-Distribution The t-Distribution is unimodal and symmetric It has more area in that tails and is flatter in the middle than the normal distribution It is a family of distributions, with a different curve for each μ, σ, and df (degrees of freedom) df=n-1, where n is the sample size. Critical Values for 95% Confidence Interval Known σ: 1.960 from Normal Distribution Unknown σ with 3 df: 3.18 from t-Distribution Unknown σ with 10 df: 2.23 from t-Distribution Unknown σ with 1000 df: 1.962 from t-Distribution 2Section 9.1, Page 185

3. t-Distribution 3Section 9.1, Page 185 1. Sample is large enough if n ≥ 30 2. If sample is not large enough, no analysis can be done.

4. Confidence Interval (Unknown σ) 4Section 9.1, Page 187 Confidence Interval = Sample Mean ± Margin of Error ± Critical Value × Standard Error of where s is the standard deviation of the sample and n is the sample size, and df is the degrees of freedom, n-1. Conditions: The population must be normal or the sample is large (n ≥ 30)

5. Confidence Interval (Unknown σ) Illustrative Problem- TI 83 Add-in Programs C.I. =Sample Mean ± Critical Value * Standard Error PRGM – CRITVAL – ENTER 2: T-DIST CONF LEVEL =.95 df = 19 Answer: 2.0930 PRGM – STDERROR-ENTER 4: 1-MEAN n=20 Sx=1.76 Answer:.3935 C.I. = 6.87 ± 2.0930*.3935 = 6.87 ±.8236 =(6.87 -.8236, 6.87 +.8236) = (6.05, 7.69) 5Section 9.1, Page 187

6. Confidence Interval (Unknown σ) Illustrative Problem- TI 83 Black Box Program STAT – TESTS – 8:Tinterval Inpt: Stats 6.87 Sx: 1.76 n: 20 C-Level:.95 Calculate Answer: (6.05, 7.69) 6Section 9.1, Page 187

7. Problems a.Find the 98% confidence interval. b.Find the critical value c.Find the margin of error. d.Find the standard error. e.What assumption must we make about the the population to have a t-sampling distribution. f.What are the proper words to describe the confidence interval? g.If you wanted to have a margin of error of one minute and the 98% confidence interval for this data, how large must the sample be? 7Problems, Page 205

8. Problems a.Find the 93% confidence interval. b.Find the critical value c.Find the margin of error. d.Find the standard error. e.What assumption must we make about the population to have a t-sampling distribution. f.What are the proper words to describe the confidence interval? g.If you wanted to have a margin of error of 25 lbs. and a confidence level of 93% for this data, how many students would you have to monitor? 8Section 9.1, Page 205

9. Hypotheses Test (Unknown σ) Illustrative Problem- TI-83 Add-In The EPA wanted to show that the mean carbon monoxide level is higher than 4.9 parts per million. Does a random sample of 22 readings (sample mean = 5.1, s=1.17) present sufficient evidence to support the EPA’s claim? Use α =.05. Assume the readings have approximately a normal distribution. H o : μ = 4.9 (≤) (no higher than) H a : μ > 4.9 (higher than) t-Distribution df = 21 P-value =.2158 PRGM – TDIST – ENTER LOWER BOUND = 5.1 UPPER BOUND = 2 ND EE99 MEAN = 4.9 df = 21 Answer:.2158 (Evidence is not sufficient to support the EPA’s claim.) 9Section 9.1, Page 188

10. Hypotheses Test (Unknown σ) Illustrative Problem- TI-83 Black Box The EPA wanted to show that the mean carbon monoxide level is higher than 4.9 parts per million. Does a random sample of 22 readings (sample mean = 5.1, s=1.17) present sufficient evidence to support the EPA’s claim? Use α =.05. Assume the readings have approximately a normal distribution. H o : μ = 4.9 (no higher than) H a : μ > 4.9 (higher than) 10Section 9.1, Page 188 There is not sufficient evidence to support the EPA claim.

11. Problems a.Find the p-value. b.State your conclusion. c.What is the name of the probability model used for the sampling distribution d.What is the mean of the sampling distribution? e.What is the value of the standard error? f.If your conclusion is in error, what type of error is it? 11Problems, Page 209

12. Problems a.Find the p-value. b.State your conclusion. c.What is the name of the probability model used for the sampling distribution d.What is the mean of the sampling distribution? e.What is the value of the standard error? f.If your conclusion is in error, what type of error is it? 12Problems, Page 205

13. Problems a.State the appropriate hypotheses. b.Find the p-value. c.State your conclusion. d.What is the name of the probability model used for the sampling distribution e.What is the mean of the sampling distribution? f.What is the value of the standard error? g.If your conclusion is in error, what type of error is it? 13Problems, Page 206

14. Inference about Proportions A binomial experiment is a experiment that has only two outcomes. Binomial experiments relate to categorical variables. Consider the variable, Supports Obama. The variable has two categories, yes and no. We will consider the yes category as a “success” and the no category a “failure”. Suppose we have a population of 1000 voters, and 550 support Obama. We define proportion of success for the population, p = 550/1000 =.55. The proportion of failures is q = 1-p =.45. Suppose we take a sample to estimate p, the true proportion of voters that support Obama. We take a random sample of 100 voters and 53 support Obama. Our sample proportion is p’ = 53/100=.53. Our sample q’ = 1-p’ =.47. 14Section 9.2, Page 192

15. Sampling Distribution for a Proportion 15Section 9.2, Page 192 In practice, the following conditions will insure the sampling distribution for a proportion is normal. 1.The sample size is greater than 20 2.The product np and nq are both greater than 5. Where we do not know p, we substitute p’, np’ = # success in sample must be > 5 and nq’ =n(1-p’) = # failures in sample must be > 5. 3.The sample consists of less than 10% of the population.

16. Confidence Interval for a Proportion, p 16Section 9.2, Page 193 Given a sample proportion p’, that has a normal sampling distribution, the confidence interval for the true population proportion, p, is: sample proportion ± margin of error = sample proportion ± critical value × standard error of p’ where q’ = proportion of failures = 1-p’ and n is the sample size.

17. Confidence Interval for Proportion Illustrative Example TI-83 Add-in Programs In a discussion about the cars that fellow students drive, several statements were made about types, ages, makes colors, and so on. Dana decided he wanted to estimate the proportion of convertibles students drive, so he randomly identified 200 cars in the student parking lot and found 17 to be convertibles. Find the 90% confidence Interval for p, the true proportion of convertibles. Check conditions for normal sampling condition: n = 200 > 20 # successes = 17 > 5 # failures = 200 – 17 = 183 > 5 Conditions are satisfied. PRGM: CRITVAL 1 – CONF LEVEL =.90 Answer: 1.6449 PRGM: STDERROR – 1:1 PROP – p’ = 17/200; n = 200 Answer:.0197 Confidence Interval = 17/200 ± 1.6449*.0197 = 0.0850 ± 0.0324 = (.0850 -.0324,.0850 +.0324)= (.0526,.1174) 17Section 9.2, Page 193

18. Confidence Interval for Proportion Illustrative Example TI-83 Black Box Program In a discussion about the cars that fellow students drive, several statements were made about types, ages, makes colors, and so on. Dana decided he wanted to estimate the proportion of convertibles students drive, so he randomly identified 200 cars in the student parking lot and found 17 to be convertibles. Find the 90% confidence Interval for p, the true proportion of convertibles. STAT – TESTS – A:1 – PROPZInt x: 17 (The number of success in p’: must be integer) n: 200 C-Level:.90 Calculate Answer: (.0526,.1174) We are 90% confident that the true proportion of convertibles is in the interval. 18Section 9.2, Page 193

19. Problems 19Problems, Page 206

20. Problems 20Problems, Page 206

21. Problems 21Problems, Page 206

22. Confidence Interval for Proportion Required Sample Size 22Section 9.2, Page 194 ME = Critical Value × Standard Error If we have a good estimate of p, we use it. If we have no good estimate of p, we estimate p =.5. This will produce the largest sample for the given conditions. If p’ turns out to be different that p, our ME will be less than we initially required.

23. Required Sample Size Illustrative Problem TI-83 Consider a manufacturer that purchases bolts from a supplier who claims the bolts are approximately 5% defective. How large a sample do we need to estimate the true proportion to be within ±.02 with 90% confidence? PRGM – SAMPLSIZ – 1:PROPORTION CONF LEVEL =.90 ME =.02 p EST =.05 (Problem estimate) Answer: 322 23Section 9.2, Page 195

24. Problems 24Problems, Page 208

25. Hypotheses Test - One Proportion Illustrative Problem – TI-83 Add-In H o : p =.61 H a : p >.61 p=.61 p’ = 235/350 =.6714 PRGM – NORMDIST – 1 LOWER BOUND =.6714 – UPPERBOUND = 2 ND EE99 MEAN =.61 ; Answer: p-value =.0093 (Reject H o, We proved that more than 61% sleep more that 7 or more hours) p-value 25Section 9.2, Page 196 Sampling Distribution for p’

26. Hypotheses Test - One Proportion Illustrative Problem – TI-83 Black Box H o : p =.61 H a : p >.61 STAT – TESTS – 5:1-PropZTest p o :.61 x: 235 (# of successes in p’; must be integer) n: 350 prop > p o Calculate Answer: p-value =.0092 (Ho is rejected) 26Section 9.2, Page 196

27. Problems a.Check the conditions for a normal sampling distribution. b.State the hypotheses. c.Find the p-value. d.State your conclusion e.If you make an error in your conclusion, what type is it? f.Find the mean of the sampling distribution. g.Find the standard error of the sampling distribution. 27Problems, Page 207

28. Problems a.Check the conditions for a normal sampling distribution. b.State the hypotheses. c.Find the p-value. d.State your conclusion e.If you make an error in your conclusion, what type is it? f.Find the mean of the sampling distribution. g.Find the standard error of the sampling distribution. 28Problems, Page 207