1. Neurochips and Neural Telemedicine Jaideep Mavoori University of Washington (currently at Neurovista) Collaborators: Andy Jackson +, Eb Fetz (Biophysics and Neurophysiology) Tom Daniel (Biology) Chris Diorio (Computer Science) + Currently at Newcastle University

2. JM 2 Neural Telemedicine Acquire Monitor Single neurons Local field potentials ECoG EEG EMG Detect abnormalities & their evolution Diagnose Issue alerts Initiate curative actions Track pathological waveforms Trigger repair mechanisms Drug delivery Electrical stimulation

3. JM 3 Biological Motor Control Photo courtesy of UW PWB program

4. JM 4 Conventional neurophysiology of restrained primates Filters + Amplifiers Recording Stimulator Analog to Digital Converter Spike discriminator Analysis

5. JM 5 Option 1 - Telemetry systems: high power consumption limited range transmission delays

6. JM 6 Option 2 - Implantable microelectronics: autonomous operation low power limited processing capability

7. JM 7 Primate Brain Computer Interface 50μm diameter tungsten wire Polyamide guide-tubes Connector Skull

8. JM 8 Neurochip BCI User interfaces: PDA (Lyme) PC (MatLab)

9. JM 9  Two Cypress Programmable System-on-Chips (PSoCs)  Front-end signal processing (filtering, DC offset + amplification)  Neural signal sampled at 12ksp/s  2 EMG signals sampled at 2.7ksp/s  Real-time spike discrimination  Spike rate and mean rectified EMG compiled for user-defined timebins  2 x 8Mb non-volatile FLASH memory  Biphasic, constant-current stimulator (±15V, ~100μA)  Infra-red link to PC or PDA Architecture of the neurochip

10. JM 10 M1 and muscle activity during natural behaviour: IEEE TNSRE, 2006

11. JM 11 M1 and muscle activity during natural behaviour: IEEE TNSRE, 2006

12. JM 12 M1 and muscle activity during natural behaviour: IEEE TNSRE, 2006

13. JM 13 Long-term recording of cell activity: Continuous recording of a single M1 neuron for 2 weeks. J. Neurophysiol. 2007

14. JM 14 MI-Motor Model System properties? Cortical activity Muscle output How time-invariant is this system ? How does the model compare in task and free behaviours ? Can we alter the system properties ?

15. JM 15 Motor Pathway Modeling

16. JM 16 Motor Pathway Modeling

17. JM 17 MI-Motor Model Findings:  Over several neurons and muscles, aspects of the system are linear and time-invariant.  The relationships translate from task to free- behaviour as well as from day to day.  Advantageous for neural prosthetics: Parameters for limb mechanics can possibly be learnt during a training segment and applied during a wide range of daily activities.

18. JM 18 Neurons that fire together, wire together. Induce correlated firing between neighboring sites Long-lasting changes in biological wiring Altering system properties: Cortical remapping with the Neurochip Nature 2006

19. JM 19 Neurons that fire together, wire together. Induce correlated firing between neighboring sites Long-lasting changes in biological wiring Nature 2006 Altering system properties: Cortical remapping with the Neurochip

20. JM 20 Neurochip conditioning

21. JM 21 Neurochip conditioning

22. JM 22 Motor cortex plasticity induced by Neurochip conditioning Movements evoked from the recording site changed to resemble those evoked from the stimulation site.

23. JM 23 Motor cortex plasticity induced by Neurochip conditioning Additional findings:  Timing from spike to stimulation is critical. Delay of 20 ms produced strongest conditioning effect.  Conditioning effects last for several days. Useful for repairing damage caused by spinal chord injury or neural disorder.

24. JM 24 RepairMonitorDetect early onsetDiagnose

25. JM 25 RepairMonitorDetect early onsetDiagnose Early stages of neural telemedicine Early stages of neural disorders

26. JM 26 Miniature chips for insect flight studies 1cm x 3cm x 0.5cm 1.47g (without battery) ( top ) (bottom) 1 st Generation 1cm x 1.9cm x 0.4cm 0.85g (without battery) 2 nd Generation (top) (bottom) 3 rd Generation (top) (bottom) 1cm x 1.25cm x 0.25cm 0.25g (without battery) 4 th Generation 0.9cm x 1cm 0.6g (no battery) 5 th Generation (top) (bottom) 1cm x 1.27cm 0.42g (no battery) 1cm

27. JM 27 Acknowledgements: Supported by NIH, ONR, UW Royalty Research Fund, Packard Foundation. Chris Diorio Tom Daniel Andy JacksonEb Fetz

28. JM 28