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Special Issue in “Hydrological Processes” Hydrology and Biogeochemistry of Small Amazonian Catchments Christopher Neill, Alex Krusche, Helmut Elsenbeer,

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Presentation on theme: "Special Issue in “Hydrological Processes” Hydrology and Biogeochemistry of Small Amazonian Catchments Christopher Neill, Alex Krusche, Helmut Elsenbeer,"— Presentation transcript:

1 Special Issue in “Hydrological Processes” Hydrology and Biogeochemistry of Small Amazonian Catchments Christopher Neill, Alex Krusche, Helmut Elsenbeer, Jonannes Lehmann and Daniel Markewitz Contact: cneill@mbl.edu Submission: September 30, 2004

2 Carbon, Biogeochemistry, and Hydrology: Dynamics at the Terrestrial-Aquatic Interface Johannes Lehmann, Mark Johnson, Eduardo Couto, Susan Riha, Luiz Carlos Mattos Rodrigues, Mara Abdo, Evandro Selva, and Erick Fernandes Cornell University Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso

3 Surface origin of nutrient export with streams Markewitz et al., 2001 Nature 410, 802-805 Oxisol Forest, pasture, field crops Paragominas, Eastern Amazonia

4 Rapid leaching in microaggregated soil Renck, Lehmann 2004 Soil Science 169, 330-341 Xanthic Hapludox Manaus

5 Examining the terrestrial-aquatic interface 0.85 Ha 1.69 Ha 0.78 Ha 0.62 Ha N 050100Mete r s 1 2 3 4 IKONOS Panchromatic Image (Courtesy EOS-Webster) Headwater watersheds 1 2 3 4 Juruena, Mato Grosso, Brazil

6 Decreasing solute concentrations with depth Throughfall: 1.3 ±0.4 mg L -1 (N=109) Leaching: 1.8 ±0.5 mg L -1 (N=25) (free draining lysimeters at 0.1m depth) Groundwater: 0.6 ±0.2 mg L -1 (N=16) (piezometers) Spring: 0.6 ±0.3 mg L -1 (N=61) (grab samples) Stream: 0.7 ±0.3 mg L -1 (N=127) (grab samples, 50m from spring, similar at 2km) Total N organic N 5-20% Forested Ultisol-Oxisol Southern Amazon, Juruena, MT N=4 watersheds ±SE Johnson et al. Sp. Session 4

7 Nitrate retention in acid subsoils Forested Ultisol-Oxisol Southern Amazon, Juruena, MT N=4 watersheds ±SE Rodrigues et al. Poster 28.10-p More subsoil nitrate on plateau than close to stream pH (CaCl 2 ) 3.9-4.5

8 Spring: 0.7 ±0.7 mg L -1 (N=65) (grab samples) Decreasing solute concentrations with depth Throughfall: 6.9 ±2.3 mg L -1 (N=106) Leaching: 8.4 ±2.7 mg L -1 (N=25) (free draining lysimeters at 0.1m depth) Groundwater: 1.3 ±1.3 mg L -1 (N=42) (piezometers) Stream: 2.1 ±1.8 mg L -1 (N=134) (grab samples, 50m from spring) DOC Forested Ultisol-Oxisol Southern Amazon, Juruena, MT N=4 watersheds ±SE Johnson et al. Sp. Session 4

9 Important soil control over hydrological flow paths Elsenbeer, 2001, Hydrol Proc 15, 1751-1759

10 Soil type control DOC (mg L -1 ± s.e.) >40%clay <20%clay (increasing with depth) Ultisol Oxisol 2.2 ±0.5 (N=10) 17.4 ±2.0 (N=25) 1.3 ±0.5 (N=11) 11.5 ±2.3 (N=19) Surface Runoff Groundwater

11 Throughfall: 0.6 ±0.3mg L -1 (N=4) Leaching: na Groundwater: na (piezometers) Spring: 4.1 ±1.2mg L-1 (N=28) (grab samples) Stream: 2.3 ±0.6 mg L -1 (N=28) (grab samples, 50m from spring) DIC Decreasing solute concentrations with depth

12 Large losses of CO 2 from emergent groundwater Forested Ultisol-Oxisol Southern Amazon, Juruena, MT N=30 (from 4 watersheds) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 CO 2 -C aq (mg L -1 )

13 Losses of CO 2 and pH dynamics Forested Ultisol-Oxisol Southern Amazon, Juruena, MT N=30 (from 4 watersheds)

14 Losses of CO 2 and Ca dynamics Forested Ultisol-Oxisol Southern Amazon, Juruena, MT N=30 (from 4 watersheds) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 CO 2 -C aq (mg L -1 ) Ca (meq L -1 ) 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 CO 2 Ca

15 Large losses of CO 2 from emergent groundwater Forested Oxisol Southern Amazon, Juruena, MT (from 1 watershed) C fluxes as percentage of total, rainy season 2004

16 Important CO 2 evasion at the terrestrial-aquatic interface for the Amazon Basin Soil water drainage 1250 mm yr -1 (Richey et al., 2002) 17 mg CO 2 -C mm -1 (Juruena) Basin-wide CO 2 evasion of terrestrial C from streams: 128 Tg yr -1 at terrestrial-aquatic interface (estimated) 353 Tg yr -1 in large streams (Richey et al., 2002)

17 Terrestrial sources of CO 2 evolution from large streams in the Amazon Forested Oxisol Southern Amazon, Juruena, MT (from 1 watershed) 20% 33% 47% Richey et al., 2002 Groundwater DOC Groundwater CO 2 Litterfall 36% 58% 7% DOC Groundwater CO 2 POC

18 Sources of CO 2 evasion at terrestrial-aquatic interface DOC CO 2 ? SOM CO 2 ? Root respiration CO 2 ?

19 Sources of CO 2 Diurnal fluctuation of CO 2 in groundwater seep Forested Ultisol Southern Amazon, Juruena, MT

20 Conclusions terrestrial-aquatic interface Low leaching of DOC to groundwater and emergence in stream Significant in-stream generation of DOC and Ca No in-stream generation of N Significant subsoil source of dissolved CO 2 Large CO 2 evasion at the terrestrial-aquatic interface with profound impact on stream biogeochemistry Root respiration is a likely important source in addition to DOC and SOM

21 Thank You LBA, Cnpq, NASA, UFMT Rohden Inc., Apolinario Schuler Cornell Einaudi Center, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell Biogeochemistry Program Alex Krusche, Jeff Richey The entire field team in Juruena: Paulo Nunes, Benedito, Elielton

22 Special Session 4 Soil Control on Stream Biogeochemistry Thursday, 3:30-6:00 p.m. Sala “Brasilia” Special Issue in “Hydrological Processes” Hydrology and Biogeochemistry of Small Amazonian Catchments Christopher Neill, Alex Krusche, Helmut Elsenbeer, Jonannes Lehmann and Daniel Markewitz

23 Soil type control Spatial distribution of clay Juruena, MT

24 Large losses of CO 2 from emergent groundwater Forested Oxisol Southern Amazon, Juruena, MT (from 1 watershed)

25 In-stream generation of DOC and N (Ca etc?) Explanation of in-stream generation of DOC and N by C and N input via surface flow. Can we show some data on that? Could we show stormflow versus baseflow concentrations (at weir) of particulate C and say that during that period of course a lot of coarse OM stays in the stream (or do we have data for surface particulate surface flow into streams? I think we shouold have particulate flow on surface, but not into streams,- but maybe we should look at that as well as an alternative or additional option). Or maybe relationship between coarse C and DOC losses? (we would need to multiply the water amount by the DOC concentration to get at DOC amounts. Coarse C is already ok I guess from Evandro’s data.

26 In-stream generation of DOC and N (Ca etc?) Maybe DOC and N with distance (same period etc as CO2 from previous slide)? Out to the Juruena possible? The idea is to show that not much DOC and N is lost from groundwater, but from in-stream generation that ultimately came from surface flow

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