1. Chapter 11: Chapter 11: Characterizing Stars

2. How near is the closest star other than the Sun? How near is the closest star other than the Sun? Is the Sun brighter than other stars, or just closer? Is the Sun brighter than other stars, or just closer? What colors are stars? What colors are stars? Are brighter stars hotter? Are brighter stars hotter? What sizes are stars? What sizes are stars? Are most stars isolated from other stars, as the Sun is? Are most stars isolated from other stars, as the Sun is? WHAT DO YOU THINK?

3. As the Earth orbits the Sun, a nearby star appears to shift its position against the background of distant stars. Distance Parallax Parallax The closer the star is to us, the greater the parallax angle p. Telescopes on earth can measure stars up to 100pc and space based telescopes can measure stars up to 150pc

4. Distance (in parsecs) = 1 / parallax angle in arcseconds Distance (in parsecs) = 1 / parallax angle in arcseconds The nearest star, Proxima Centauri, has a parallax angle of.77 arcsec. What is its distance? The nearest star, Proxima Centauri, has a parallax angle of.77 arcsec. What is its distance?

5. Apparent Magnitude Brightness of a star without regard to distance Brightness of a star without regard to distance The more negative the brighter it is The more negative the brighter it is

6. Stars visible to the naked eye have magnitudes between m = –1.44 and about m = +6.

7. Absolute Magnitude Brightness of a star at a distance of 10pc Brightness of a star at a distance of 10pc Can be calculated using the star’s distance and apparent magnitude using the inverse square law Can be calculated using the star’s distance and apparent magnitude using the inverse square law

8. The Inverse-Square Law The same amount of radiation from a light source must illuminate an ever-increasing area as the distance from the light source increases. The decrease in brightness follows the inverse-square law. This means, for example, that tripling the distance decreases the brightness by a factor of 9.

9. Temperature and Color The intensity of light emitted by three hypothetical stars is plotted against wavelength. The range of visible wavelengths is indicated. Where the peak of a star’s intensity curve lies relative to the visible light band determines the apparent color of its visible light.

10. Principal Types of Stellar Spectra

11. Classifying the Spectra of Stars Williamina Fleming (standing) Annie Jump Cannon

12. “Oh, Be A Fine Guy/Girl, Kiss Me!” Spectral Classes

13. Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram Luminosities (absolute magnitude) of stars are plotted against their spectral types. Luminosities (absolute magnitude) of stars are plotted against their spectral types. Main-sequence stars fall along the red curve. Main-sequence stars fall along the red curve. Giants are to the right and supergiants are on the top. Giants are to the right and supergiants are on the top. White dwarfs are below the main sequence. White dwarfs are below the main sequence.

14. Types of Stars and Their Sizes Stellar luminosities are graphed against the surface temperatures. Stellar luminosities are graphed against the surface temperatures. Dashed diagonal lines indicate stellar radii. Dashed diagonal lines indicate stellar radii. For stars of the same radius, hotter stars are more luminous than cooler stars. For stars of the same radius, hotter stars are more luminous than cooler stars.

15. Luminosity Classes Luminosity classes permit finer distinctions between giants and supergiants. Luminosity classes permit finer distinctions between giants and supergiants. Ia and Ib encompass the supergiants. Ia and Ib encompass the supergiants. II, III, and IV indicate giants of different brightness. II, III, and IV indicate giants of different brightness. V is the main-sequence stars. V is the main-sequence stars. White dwarfs do not have a luminosity class. White dwarfs do not have a luminosity class.

16. Stellar Mass Found by its gravitational effects on other objects Found by its gravitational effects on other objects Keplers 3’rd Law (a 3 /p 2 ) Keplers 3’rd Law (a 3 /p 2 ) Most stars are binary stars Most stars are binary stars Ursae Majoris

17. The Mass-Luminosity Relation Luminosities and masses are plotted using logarithmic scales. Luminosities and masses are plotted using logarithmic scales. The more massive a star, the more luminous the star. The more massive a star, the more luminous the star.

18. Each dot represents a main-sequence star. Each dot represents a main-sequence star. The number next to each dot is the mass of that star in solar masses. The number next to each dot is the mass of that star in solar masses. Mass, luminosity, and surface temperature of main-sequence stars increase from lower right to upper left Mass, luminosity, and surface temperature of main-sequence stars increase from lower right to upper left

19. WHAT DID YOU THINK? How near is the closest star other than the Sun? How near is the closest star other than the Sun? Proxima Centauri is about 40 trillion kilometers (25 trillion miles) away. It takes light about 4 years to reach the Earth from there. Proxima Centauri is about 40 trillion kilometers (25 trillion miles) away. It takes light about 4 years to reach the Earth from there. How luminous is the Sun compared with other stars? How luminous is the Sun compared with other stars? The most luminous stars are about a million times brighter and the least luminous stars are about a hundred thousand times dimmer than the Sun. The most luminous stars are about a million times brighter and the least luminous stars are about a hundred thousand times dimmer than the Sun. What colors are stars? What colors are stars? Stars are found in a wide range of colors, from red through violet, as well as white. Stars are found in a wide range of colors, from red through violet, as well as white.

20. Are brighter stars hotter than dimmer stars? Are brighter stars hotter than dimmer stars? Not necessarily. Many brighter stars, such as red giants, are cooler but larger than hotter, dimmer stars, such as white dwarfs. Not necessarily. Many brighter stars, such as red giants, are cooler but larger than hotter, dimmer stars, such as white dwarfs. What sizes are stars? What sizes are stars? Stars range from more than 1000 times the Sun’s diameter to less than 1/100 the Sun’s diameter. Stars range from more than 1000 times the Sun’s diameter to less than 1/100 the Sun’s diameter. Are most stars isolated from other stars, as the Sun is? Are most stars isolated from other stars, as the Sun is? No. In the vicinity of the Sun, two-thirds of the stars are found in pairs or larger groups. No. In the vicinity of the Sun, two-thirds of the stars are found in pairs or larger groups. WHAT DID YOU THINK?