1. Muscles and Muscle Tissue: Part A

2. 1. Skeletal muscle tissue:  Attached to bones and skin  Striated  Voluntary (i.e., conscious control)  Powerful  Primary topic of this chapter

3. 2. Cardiac muscle tissue:  Only in the heart  Striated  Involuntary  More details later…

4. 3. Smooth muscle tissue:  In the walls of hollow organs, e.g., stomach, urinary bladder, and airways  Not striated  Involuntary  More details later…

5.  Excitability (responsiveness or irritability): ability to receive and respond to stimuli  Contractility: ability to shorten when stimulated  Extensibility: ability to be stretched  Elasticity: ability to recoil to resting length

6. 1. Movement of bones or fluids (e.g., blood) 2. Maintaining posture and body position 3. Stabilizing joints 4. Heat generation (especially skeletal muscle)

7.  Each muscle is served by one artery, one nerve, and one or more veins

8.  Connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle:  Epimysium: dense regular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle  Perimysium: fibrous connective tissue surrounding fascicles (groups of muscle fibers)  Endomysium: fine areolar connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.1 Bone Perimysium Endomysium (between individual muscle fibers) Muscle fiber Fascicle (wrapped by perimysium) Epimysium Tendon Epimysium Muscle fiber in middle of a fascicle Blood vessel Perimysium Endomysium Fascicle (a) (b)

10.  Muscles attach:  Directly—epimysium of muscle is fused to the periosteum of bone or perichondrium of cartilage  Indirectly—connective tissue wrappings extend beyond the muscle as a ropelike tendon or sheetlike aponeurosis

11.  Cylindrical cell 10 to 100  m in diameter, up to 30 cm long  Multiple peripheral nuclei  Many mitochondria  Glycosomes for glycogen storage, myoglobin for O 2 storage  Also contain myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and T tubules

12.  Densely packed, rodlike elements  ~80% of cell volume  Exhibit striations: perfectly aligned repeating series of dark A bands and light I bands

13. NucleusLight I bandDark A band Sarcolemma Mitochondrion (b) Diagram of part of a muscle fiber showing the myofibrils. One myofibril is extended afrom the cut end of the fiber. Myofibril

14.  Smallest contractile unit (functional unit) of a muscle fiber  The region of a myofibril between two successive Z discs  Composed of thick and thin myofilaments made of contractile proteins

15.  Thick filaments: run the entire length of an A band  Thin filaments: run the length of the I band and partway into the A band  Z disc: anchors the thin filaments and connects myofibrils to one another  H zone: lighter midregion where filaments do not overlap  M line: line of protein myomesin that holds adjacent thick filaments together

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.2c, d I band A band Sarcomere H zone Thin (actin) filament Thick (myosin) filament Z disc M line (c) Small part of one myofibril enlarged to show the myofilaments responsible for the banding pattern. Each sarcomere extends from one Z disc to the next. Z disc M line Sarcomere Thin (actin) filament Thick (myosin) filament Elastic (titin) filaments (d) Enlargement of one sarcomere (sectioned lengthwise). Notice the myosin heads on the thick filaments.

17.  Composed of the protein myosin  Myosin tails  Myosin heads act as cross bridges during contraction  Binding sites for actin of thin filaments  Binding sites for ATP  ATPase enzymes

18.  Twisted double strand of fibrous protein  Tropomyosin and troponin: are the regulatory proteins bound to actin

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.3 Flexible hinge region Tail Tropomyosin TroponinActin Myosin head ATP- binding site Heads Active sites for myosin attachment Actin subunits Actin-binding sites Thick filament Each thick filament consists of many myosin molecules whose heads protrude at opposite ends of the filament. Thin filament A thin filament consists of two strands of actin subunits twisted into a helix plus two types of regulatory proteins (troponin and tropomyosin). Thin filament Thick filament In the center of the sarcomere, the thick filaments lack myosin heads. Myosin heads are present only in areas of myosin-actin overlap. Longitudinal section of filaments within one sarcomere of a myofibril Portion of a thick filament Portion of a thin filament Myosin molecule Actin subunits

20.  Network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum surrounding each myofibril  Pairs of terminal cisternae form perpendicular cross channels  Functions in the regulation of intracellular Ca 2+ levels

21.  Continuous with the sarcolemma  Penetrate the cell’s interior at each A band–I band junction  Associate with the paired terminal cisternae to form triads that encircle each sarcomere

22. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.5 Myofibril Myofibrils Triad: Tubules of the SR Sarcolemma Mitochondria I band A band H zoneZ disc Part of a skeletal muscle fiber (cell) T tubule Terminal cisternae of the SR (2) M line

23.  In the relaxed state, thin and thick filaments overlap only slightly  During contraction, myosin heads bind to actin, detach, and bind again, to propel the thin filaments toward the M line  As H zones shorten and disappear, sarcomeres shorten, muscle cells shorten, and the whole muscle shortens http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Csz2Vt7HLrU&fe ature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mod e=1

24. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.6 I Fully relaxed sarcomere of a muscle fiber Fully contracted sarcomere of a muscle fiber I A ZZ H IIA ZZ 1 2

25. 1. Activation: neural stimulation at a neuromuscular junction 2. Excitation-contraction coupling:  Generation and propagation of an action potential along the sarcolemma  Final trigger: a brief rise in intracellular Ca 2+ levels

26.  Skeletal muscles are stimulated by somatic motor neurons  Axons of motor neurons travel from the central nervous system via nerves to skeletal muscles  Each axon forms several branches as it enters a muscle  Each axon ending forms a neuromuscular junction with a single muscle fiber

27. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.8 Nucleus Action potential (AP) Myelinated axon of motor neuron Axon terminal of neuromuscular junction Sarcolemma of the muscle fiber Ca 2+ Axon terminal of motor neuron Synaptic vesicle containing ACh Mitochondrion Synaptic cleft Fusing synaptic vesicles 1 Action potential arrives at axon terminal of motor neuron. 2 Voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels open and Ca 2+ enters the axon terminal. Figure 9.8

28.  Situated midway along the length of a muscle fiber  Axon terminal and muscle fiber are separated by a gel-filled space called the synaptic cleft  Synaptic vesicles of axon terminal contain the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh)  Junctional folds of the sarcolemma contain ACh receptors

29.  Nerve impulse arrives at axon terminal  ACh is released and binds with receptors on the sarcolemma  Electrical events lead to the generation of an action potential PLAY A&P Flix™: Events at the Neuromuscular Junction

30. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.8 Nucleus Action potential (AP) Myelinated axon of motor neuron Axon terminal of neuromuscular junction Sarcolemma of the muscle fiber Ca 2+ Axon terminal of motor neuron Synaptic vesicle containing ACh Mitochondrion Synaptic cleft Junctional folds of sarcolemma Fusing synaptic vesicles ACh Sarcoplasm of muscle fiber Postsynaptic membrane ion channel opens; ions pass. Na + K+K+ Ach – Na + K+K+ Degraded ACh Acetyl- cholinesterase Postsynaptic membrane ion channel closed; ions cannot pass. 1 Action potential arrives at axon terminal of motor neuron. 2 Voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels open and Ca 2+ enters the axon terminal. 3 Ca 2+ entry causes some synaptic vesicles to release their contents (acetylcholine) by exocytosis. 4 Acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors in the sarcolemma. 5 ACh binding opens ion channels that allow simultaneous passage of Na + into the muscle fiber and K + out of the muscle fiber. 6 ACh effects are terminated by its enzymatic breakdown in the synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase.

31.  ACh effects are quickly terminated by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase  Prevents continued muscle fiber contraction in the absence of additional stimulation

32. 1. Local depolarization (end plate potential):  ACh binding opens chemically (ligand) gated ion channels  Simultaneous diffusion of Na + (inward) and K + (outward)  More Na + diffuses, so the interior of the sarcolemma becomes less negative  Local depolarization – end plate potential

33. 2. Generation and propagation of an action potential:  End plate potential spreads to adjacent membrane areas  Voltage-gated Na + channels open  Na + influx decreases the membrane voltage toward a critical threshold  If threshold is reached, an action potential is generated

34.  Local depolarization wave continues to spread, changing the permeability of the sarcolemma  Voltage-regulated Na + channels open in the adjacent patch, causing it to depolarize to threshold

35. 3. Repolarization:  Na + channels close and voltage-gated K + channels open  K + efflux rapidly restores the resting polarity  Fiber cannot be stimulated and is in a refractory period until repolarization is complete  Ionic conditions of the resting state are restored by the Na + -K + pump

36. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.9 Na + Open Na + Channel Closed Na + Channel Closed K + Channel Open K + Channel Action potential + + ++ + + + + ++ + + Axon terminal Synaptic cleft ACh Sarcoplasm of muscle fiber K+K+ 2 Generation and propagation of the action potential (AP) 3 Repolarization 1 Local depolarization: generation of the end plate potential on the sarcolemma K+K+ K+K+ Na + K+K+ W a v e o f d e p o l a r i z a t i o n

37. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.9, step 1 Na + Open Na + Channel Closed K + Channel K+K+ Na + K+K+ Action potential + + + + + + + + + + + + Axon terminal Synaptic cleft ACh Sarcoplasm of muscle fiber K+K+ 1 Local depolarization: generation of the end plate potential on the sarcolemma 1 W a v e o f d e p o l a r i z a t i o n

38. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.9, step 2 Na + Open Na + Channel Closed K + Channel K+K+ Na + K+K+ Action potential + + + + + + + + + + + + Axon terminal Synaptic cleft ACh Sarcoplasm of muscle fiber K+K+ Generation and propagation of the action potential (AP) 1 Local depolarization: generation of the end plate potential on the sarcolemma 2 1 W a v e o f d e p o l a r i z a t i o n

39. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.9, step 3 Na + Closed Na + Channel Open K + Channel K+K+ Repolarization 3

40. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.9 Na + Open Na + Channel Closed K + Channel Action potential + + ++ + + + + ++ + + Axon terminal Synaptic cleft ACh Sarcoplasm of muscle fiber K+K+ 2 Generation and propagation of the action potential (AP) 3 Repolarization 1 Local depolarization: generation of the end plate potential on the sarcolemma K+K+ K+K+ Na + K+K+ W a v e o f d e p o l a r i z a t i o n Closed Na + Channel Open K + Channel

41. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.10 Na + channels close, K + channels open K + channels close Repolarization due to K + exit Threshold Na + channels open Depolarization due to Na+ entry

42.  Sequence of events by which transmission of an AP along the sarcolemma leads to sliding of the myofilaments  Latent period:  Time when E-C coupling events occur  Time between AP initiation and the beginning of contraction

43.  AP is propagated along sarcomere to T tubules  Voltage-sensitive proteins stimulate Ca 2+ release from SR  Ca 2+ is necessary for contraction

44. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.11, step 1 Axon terminal of motor neuron Muscle fiber Triad One sarcomere Synaptic cleft Setting the stage Sarcolemma Action potential is generated Terminal cisterna of SR ACh Ca 2+

45. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.11, step 2 Action potential is propagated along the sarcolemma and down the T tubules. Steps in E-C Coupling: Troponin Tropomyosin blocking active sites Myosin Actin Active sites exposed and ready for myosin binding Ca 2+ Terminal cisterna of SR Voltage-sensitive tubule protein T tubule Ca 2+ release channel Myosin cross bridge Ca 2+ Sarcolemma Calcium ions are released. Calcium binds to troponin and removes the blocking action of tropomyosin. Contraction begins The aftermath 1 2 3 4

46. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.11, step 3 Steps in E-C Coupling: Terminal cisterna of SR Voltage-sensitive tubule protein T tubule Ca 2+ release channel Ca 2+ Sarcolemma Action potential is propagated along the sarcolemma and down the T tubules. 1

47. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.11, step 4 Steps in E-C Coupling: Terminal cisterna of SR Voltage-sensitive tubule protein T tubule Ca 2+ release channel Ca 2+ Sarcolemma Action potential is propagated along the sarcolemma and down the T tubules. Calcium ions are released. 1 2

48. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.11, step 5 TroponinTropomyosin blocking active sites Myosin Actin Ca 2+ The aftermath

49. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.11, step 6 TroponinTropomyosin blocking active sites Myosin Actin Active sites exposed and ready for myosin binding Ca 2+ Calcium binds to troponin and removes the blocking action of tropomyosin. The aftermath 3

50. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.11, step 7 TroponinTropomyosin blocking active sites Myosin Actin Active sites exposed and ready for myosin binding Ca 2+ Myosin cross bridge Calcium binds to troponin and removes the blocking action of tropomyosin. Contraction begins The aftermath 3 4

51. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.11, step 8 Action potential is propagated along the sarcolemma and down the T tubules. Steps in E-C Coupling: Troponin Tropomyosin blocking active sites Myosin Actin Active sites exposed and ready for myosin binding Ca 2+ Terminal cisterna of SR Voltage-sensitive tubule protein T tubule Ca 2+ release channel Myosin cross bridge Ca 2+ Sarcolemma Calcium ions are released. Calcium binds to troponin and removes the blocking action of tropomyosin. Contraction begins The aftermath 1 2 3 4

52.  At low intracellular Ca 2+ concentration:  Tropomyosin blocks the active sites on actin  Myosin heads cannot attach to actin  Muscle fiber relaxes

53.  At higher intracellular Ca 2+ concentrations:  Ca 2+ binds to troponin  Troponin changes shape and moves tropomyosin away from active sites  Events of the cross bridge cycle occur  When nervous stimulation ceases, Ca 2+ is pumped back into the SR and contraction ends

54.  Continues as long as the Ca2+ signal and adequate ATP are present  Cross bridge formation—high-energy myosin head attaches to thin filament  Working (power) stroke—myosin head pivots and pulls thin filament toward M line

55.  Cross bridge detachment—ATP attaches to myosin head and the cross bridge detaches  “Cocking” of the myosin head—energy from hydrolysis of ATP cocks the myosin head into the high-energy state

56. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.12 1 Actin Cross bridge formation. Cocking of myosin head. The power (working) stroke. Cross bridge detachment. Ca 2+ Myosin cross bridge Thick filament Thin filament ADP Myosin PiPi ATP hydrolysis ATP 24 3 ADP PiPi PiPi

57. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.12, step 1 Actin Cross bridge formation. Ca 2+ Myosin cross bridge Thick filament Thin filament ADP Myosin PiPi 1

58. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.12, step 3 The power (working) stroke. ADP PiPi 2

59. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.12, step 4 Cross bridge detachment. ATP 3

60. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.12, step 5 Cocking of myosin head. ATP hydrolysis ADP PiPi 4

61. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.12 1 Actin Cross bridge formation. Cocking of myosin head. The power (working) stroke. Cross bridge detachment. Ca 2+ Myosin cross bridge Thick filament Thin filament ADP Myosin PiPi ATP hydrolysis ATP 24 3 ADP PiPi PiPi