1. Napoleon Bonaparte
Jacques Louis David capturing his victories as a military leader

2. Early Years Born Corsica Military School Family of lesser noble
Although of Italian descent Corsica had been acquired by France therefore he was a French citizen
At 10 he entered military school

3. Military Years and Coup
Lieutenant in French artillery
Military genius
Artillery
Directory
Loyalty to revolution
Napoleonic Wars
Egyptian campaign
Horatio Nelson
Rosetta Stone
Coup d’etat 1799
Sieyes
Advanced rapidly in the army when emigration of aristocratic officers left vacancies. Marriage to Josephine who was six years older but well connected with members of the Directory which helped his career. Two days later he was given the comma d of the army vs. the Austrians in Italy. At 26 he stopped an uprising in Paris that would have prevented the creation of the Directory.
Directory worried about his growing popularity agreed to send him to Egypt in an effort to disrupt British empire. Setback in Egypt against Horatio Nelson did little to hurt his reputation.
Returns to France leaving his troops in Egypt. Popular indignation with the Directory, financial disorder, military losses produced a crisis atmosphere in France. Fearing a return of the monarchy and with the help of Sieyes , his brother and two members of the directory he seized power.

5. Consulate Period 1799-1804 Domestic Reforms Strong central government
Merit system
Legion of Honor
Legal Reforms
Napoleonic Code
Equality under the law including inheritance
Freedom of conscience
Property rights
Abolition of serfdom
Secular state
Denied women equal status with men
Financial unity
Bank of France
Education Reform
State controlled
University of France
Economic Reform
Stimulate economy
Food at lower prices
Increase employment
Peasants retain land acquired during Revolution
Religious unity
Concordat 1801
When he takes over he has a new constitution written which was put for a vote by the people in a plebiscite. Three consuls were supposed to govern but he ruled as a dictator. He ruled at first with a ten year term as Consul. In 1802, he was chosen to be Consul for life. People wanted stability.
As consul he headed the army and navy. He could dismiss officials and propose new laws.
Bank of France stabilized currency

6. Emperor 1804-1814 Constant warfare Continental System
Empire building
Continental System
1809- Marie Louise
Daughter of Austrian emperor
Continental System was a series of trade regulations that established French dominance on the Continent and was designed to hurt Britain. The British responded with Orders in Council which organized embargoes and boycotts against Napoleon and his allies. The British won b/c of their navy.

7. Downfall and Exile Views of Napoleon Downfall Final Defeat
French-ruled subjects—tyrant
Enlightened reformers—betrayed ideals
Downfall
Personal weaknesses
Inability to conquer England
Peninsular War with Spain
Invasion of Russia 1812
Tzar Alexander I
Scorched earth policy
Economic problems
Continental System
Final Defeat
Battle of Leipzig “Battle of Nations”
Exile Elba
Ambitions caused him to overreach, lust for power, stubborn
2. British saw him as symbol of excesses of revolution, shattering of tradition, violence of Reign of Terror, rise of military despotism
3. Britain wanted no one on continent to be that powerful—balance of power
4. Britain would not tolerate economic hardships created by continental system
5. Britain saw him as a threat to its colonial power
6. Britain ruled the seas which saved them from invasion
7. Weakness at sea forced Napoleon to give up Louisiana which he had acquired in 1800 from Spain. He could not defend it.
8. Russia initially supported continental system but Britain's Orders of Council forbade neutral nations from trading with France and its allies
9. British seizure of American merchant ships bound for the continent was one of the causes of the War of 1812
10. Napoleon blamed for decline in trade, business failures and unemployment, shortages of foods and cloth—suggested substitutions such as chicory for coffee
11. Alex I resumed trade with Britain therefore Napoleon invaded causing almost 500,000 deaths and encouraged Napoleon’s enemies to rise against him
12. Nationalist feelings increased in areas conquered by France.
13. French people exhausted

8. 100 Days 1814-1815 Louis XVIII restored to throne
Disharmony at Congress of Vienna
Napoleon arrives in France
Louis XVIII goes into exile
Waterloo
Duke of Wellington
Prussian army
Napoleon abdicates
Exile to St. Helena

9. Exile for Napoleon

10. Describe the man you see in the following portraits
Describe the man you see in the following portraits. (2 descriptions/adjectives for each portrait)

14. Napoleon’s legacy was like T.N.T.
Tried to unify all of Europe - failed
Napoleonic Code of Laws -made all equal
spread laws all over his empire
The growth of nationalism in countries he conquered (especially Prussia & Italy)
Q: Why would this cause nationalism to grow?