1. Universal Law of Gravity, Orbits, and Weightlessness Chapter 9 – pages 161-168 ONLY Also part of chapter 10, pages 192-195

2. Student Learning Outcomes Understand the conditions that lead to weightlessness Give examples of weightlessness other than objects in space Understand universal law of gravity and inverse square laws Calculate changes in gravitational forces as parameters change

3. PRETEST: Astronauts inside the Space Shuttle float around as it orbits the Earth because (select all that apply) 1.there is no gravity in space. 2.they are falling in the same way as the Space Shuttle. 3.they are above the Earth’s atmosphere. 4.there is less gravity inside the Space Shuttle. 5.the sky is blue. 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728293031323334353637383940 414243444546474849505152535455

4. Weightlessness When have YOU ever felt weightless? [ignore being in water] Weightless when you accelerate (fall) as much as everything around you. Weightless scenes in Apollo 13 were filmed this way! Read about this on pages 166-168. When you read: – Keep “apparent weight” in mind – “Apparent weight” is what you feel. – “Weight” is what gravity really does.

5. Falling Around Newton’s cannon drawing. Gravity’s acceleration can change an object’s direction. See pages 192-195 in chapter 10 for more info. These cannonballs are falling because of gravity from Earth. Orbiting objects fall AROUND Earth. Newton’s original drawing from Principia

6. California Elementary School Science Standards for orbits From California Science Standards, grade 5: – Students know the path of a planet around the Sun is due to the gravitational attraction between the Sun and the planet. And from the high school standard: – Students know applying a force to an object perpendicular to the direction of its motion causes the object to change direction but not speed (e.g., Earth's gravitational force causes a satellite in a circular orbit to change direction but not speed). – Students know circular motion requires the application of a constant force directed toward the center of the circle.

7. Falling around – part 2 Are orbiting satellites falling? Yes or No? – Example: ISS: International Space Station. Are the people inside ISS falling? Y/N? So, why are they weightless? Draw a cartoon in your own notes that illustrates why astronauts are weightless. Are they accelerating while in Earth orbit? Clicker.

8. Are the astronauts accelerating while in Earth orbit? 1.Yes 2.No 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728293031323334353637383940 414243444546474849505152535455

9. Are the astronauts speeding up while in Earth orbit? 1.Yes 2.No 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728293031323334353637383940 414243444546474849505152535455

10. Universal Law of Gravity: Newton hypothesized that gravity’s force depends on three things. The mathematical relationship is called an Inverse Square Law and it looks like this: FOR ANY 2 OBJECTS (any  Universal) G is a number you look up in a book. We’ll ignore it. (Usually) See pages 161-162, 165-166. Can skip “Universal Gravitational Constant, G” if you like on pages 163-164.

11. Gravity is forcing you towards the person next to you. 1.True 2.False 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728293031323334353637383940 414243444546474849505152535455

12. Is there gravity on the Moon? 1.Yes 2.No 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728293031323334353637383940 414243444546474849505152535455

13. Is there gravity on you if you were in the empty space between the planets? 1.Yes 2.No Why not or from what? 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728293031323334353637383940 414243444546474849505152535455

14. Is there such a thing as zero gravity? 1.Yes 2.No 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728293031323334353637383940 414243444546474849505152535455

15. The Earth is 80x more massive than the Moon. How does the strength of the gravitational force that the Moon exerts on Earth compare to the gravitational force that Earth exerts on the Moon? 1.Earth exerts stronger force 2.Moon exerts stronger force 3.Forces are the same 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728293031323334353637383940 414243444546474849505152535455

16. Student debate about last question Student 1: I thought that whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object also exerts a force that is equal in strength but in the other direction. So even though Earth is bigger and more massive than the Moon, they still pull on each other with a gravitational force of the same strength, just in different directions. Student 2: I disagree. I said that Earth exerts the stronger force because it is way bigger than the Moon. Because its mass is bigger, the gravitational force Earth exerts has to be bigger too. I think you are confusing Newton’s third law with the law of gravity

17. Who do you agree with? 1.Student #1 2.Student #2 3.Both are right 4.Both are wrong 5.Some of each are right 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728293031323334353637383940 414243444546474849505152535455

18. Forces, Newton’s 3 rd law, Gravity Student 1 is correct. Newton’s 3 rd law says both forces must be equal. The law of gravity is F = Gm 1 m 2 /d 2 – It tells us HOW STRONG the two equal forces are.

19. Does the gravitational force between Moon & Earth change if Moon doubles its mass? 1.Yes 2.No 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728293031323334353637383940 414243444546474849505152535455

20. Which of the following would make you weigh half as much as you do right now? Select all that apply. There are two things, not on this list, you could do to weigh half as much. What are they? 1.Take away half of the Earth’s atmosphere. 2.Double the distance between the Sun and the Earth. 3.Make the Earth spin twice as fast. 4.Take away half of the Earth’s mass. 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728293031323334353637383940 414243444546474849505152535455

21. If you were twice as far from Earth as you are now, how would gravity change? 1.It would be four times as strong 2.It would be twice as strong 3.It would be the same 4.It would be half as strong 5.It would be 1/4 th as strong 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728293031323334353637383940 414243444546474849505152535455

22. If the Earth shrank to half its current size but didn’t lose mass, what would gravity be on the new surface? 1.It would be four times as strong 2.It would be twice as strong 3.It would be the same 4.It would be half as strong 5.It would be 1/4 th as strong 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728293031323334353637383940 414243444546474849505152535455

23. If the Earth grew to 3 times its current size but didn’t change mass, how would surface gravity change? 1.It would be 9 times as strong 2.It would be 6 as strong 3.It would be 3x 4.It would be the same 5.1/9 as strong 6.1/6 as strong 7.1/3 as strong 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728293031323334353637383940 414243444546474849505152535455

24. Real triple-size planets We just said planets that are 3x the Earth’s size have _________ gravity. Do you think real planets that are 3x bigger than Earth have weaker gravity? Why not?

25. If the Moon got twice as heavy, would your current weight (in this room) change noticeably? 1.Yes 2.No 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728293031323334353637383940 414243444546474849505152535455

26. If the Earth’s atmosphere went away, would your weight change noticeably? 1.Yes 2.No 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728293031323334353637383940 414243444546474849505152535455

27. California Elementary School Science Standards for gravity From California Science Standards, hgih school a.Students know the relationship between the universal law of gravitation and the effect of gravity on an object at the surface of Earth.

28. Masses Earth’s mass is 6 x 10 24 kg. 6 trillion trillion kg. – 6,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg (24 zeroes) – Earth is 60 billion trillion times heavier than a 220 lb person. When a pen falls down, why does the pen move & the Earth doesn’t? [clicker question first]. [continued soon – this slide will reappear shortly]

29. Which force is stronger? 1.Earth pulling down on pen 2.Pen pulling up on Earth 3.Same 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728293031323334353637383940 414243444546474849505152535455

30. Masses Earth’s mass is 6 x 10 24 kg. 6 trillion trillion kg. – 6,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg (24 zeroes) – Earth is 60 billion trillion times heavier than a 220 lb person. When a pen falls down, why does the pen move & the Earth doesn’t? [clicker question first]. Earth DOES accelerate up, VERY slowly! Similar to planets tugging on stars.  Found 464* planets around other stars (since 1995**)! – *as of 7/13/2010 – **I just saw at exoplanet.eu (NOT edu) 1 was discovered in 1989! The first strong detection was in 1995, though.

31. Which is closer to you? 1.New York City 2.The top of Earth’s atmosphere 3.They are the same distance 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728293031323334353637383940 414243444546474849505152535455

32. Gravity’s acceleration in space A previous slide showed us: F grav = G m 1 m 2 / d 2 What is the numerical distance in the expression above? RHETORICAL QUESTION : How does this affect astronauts? How far are the astronauts from Earth? Draw a dot on your notes. Most satellites are 200-300 miles up For a total distance of … Has the distance changed by a big percentage? That 5% distance change results in ≈10% weaker gravity (How high up does the atmosphere go?) Earth Space shuttle or ISS Moon To scale, this moon is WAY too close.

33. Astronauts inside the Space Shuttle float around as it orbits the Earth because (select all that apply) 1.there is no gravity in space. 2.they are falling in the same way as the Space Shuttle. 3.they are above the Earth’s atmosphere. 4.there is less gravity inside the Space Shuttle. 5.the sky is blue. 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728293031323334353637383940 414243444546474849505152535455

34. This slide is not in your notes Homework due tomorrow: – Page 179 3, 9 – Pages 181-183 1, 2, 9 (HINT: see #10), 15, Not homework but worth reviewing, since we discussed these in class: – 10, 11, 14, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 30, 31, 34. – For the 2 nd test rewrite: 24, 28

35. Summary 1.Falling around 2.Weightlessness 3.Newton’s Law of Gravity, examples 4.Expect questions on the next test like those we did here.