1. 1 CANADA’S NATIONAL LABORATORY FOR PARTICLE AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS Owned and operated as a joint venture by a consortium of Canadian universities via a contribution through the National Research Council Canada LABORATOIRE NATIONAL CANADIEN POUR LA RECHERCHE EN PHYSIQUE NUCLÉAIRE ET EN PHYSIQUE DES PARTICULES Propriété d’un consortium d’universités canadiennes, géré en co-entreprise à partir d’une contribution administrée par le Conseil national de recherches Canada OUTLINE ALPHA introduction New Results with Si vertex detector Development for Spectroscopy TRIUMF Review on ALPHA Makoto C. Fujiwara, ACOT, March 13, 2009 Project ALPHA: Antihydrogen Laser Physics Apparatus

2. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 2 ALPHA Antihydrogen Project ALPHA: Canadian funding in Jan 2006 First beam at CERN in July 2006 May 2007, first ALPHA presentation at ACOT April 2008, TRIUMF Review on ALPHA (see attached report) Increasingly strong university participation – UBC, Calgary, Simon Fraser, York + Montreal (5 graduate students) – Rob Thompson: leading the effort for U. Calgary to join TRIUMF as Associate Member ALPHA-Canada: significant force in ALPHA – Responsible for much of subatomic physics aspects – Leading the development of antihydrogen spectroscopy

3. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 3 Motivations: Simple and Clear Atomic hydrogen: one of best studied systems Comparison with Hbar (antihydrogen): a “must do” –CPT symmetry, Gravity Stable trapping of Hbar: –Technical bottleneck for symmetry tests –Opening up new field: Antimatter Science

4. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 4 Trapping Antihydrogen Na-22 e + Production (MeV) Moderation Accumulation (eV Accumulation (eV) Cooling ( ~ meV) 10 8 e + AD p- Production (GeV) Deceleration (MeV) Trapping (keV) Cooling (~ meV) 10 4 p - 10 -12 10 -9 Superimpose Magnetic Trap Easy, eh? Cold Hbar Production: ATHENA (2002) + Neutral Trap

5. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 5 Challenges in Anti-Atom Trapping Plasma stability –Normally axial symmetry assures plasma confinement [O’Neil’s confinement theorem] –Magnetic trap field strongly breaks the symmetry 10 8 e + 10 4 p - Antimatter atoms – Can’t buy an antihydrogen gas bottle! – Standard atom trap techniques do not apply – Need to invent new methods “Pushing new physics boundaries in plasma, atomic and other fields” TRIUMF Review Report Atomic formation processes – Not completely understood e.g. MCF et al, PRL 101, 053401 (2008)

6. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 6 Challenges in Anti-Atom Trapping Plasma stability –Normally axial symmetry assures plasma confinement [O’Neil’s confinement theorem] –Magnetic trap field strongly breaks the symmetry 10 8 e + 10 4 p - Antimatter atoms – Can’t buy an antihydrogen gas bottle! Must be synthesized in situ from pbar and e+ plasmas Compatibility of Penning trap and neutral trap – Standard atom trap techniques do not apply No anti-Teflon walls No convenient lasers No collisional cooling “Pushing new physics boundaries in plasma, atomic and other fields” TRIUMF Review Report Atomic formation processes – Not completely understood e.g. MCF et al, PRL 101, 053401 (2008)

7. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 7 ALPHA: Before and After

8. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 8 What we have achieved so far Design, Construction, commissioning: NIM (2006) Trapping of e-, e+, pbars in Penning traps Electron cooling of pbars Hbar production at 3T (like ATHENA) Pbar, e+ confinement in Octupole field: PRL (2007) Hbar production at 1T: J. Phys. B (2008) Plasma diagnosis in Octupole: Phys. Plasmas (2008) Pbar plasma radial manipulations: PRL (2008 ) Commissioning of 2/3 Si detector Observation of ballistic transport: in preparation for Phys. Lett. B Discovery of zero-rotation bounce resonance: submitted to PRL Production of Hbars in magnetic trap: submitted to PRL First search for trapped antihydrogen: in preparation Proposal for realistic schemes for microwave spectroscopy Reported at TRIUMF Review April 2008 New since May 2008

9. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 9 New Progress in 2008: ALPHA Si Vertex Detector Liverpool, TRIUMF + Calgary (Richard Hydomako), UBC (Sarah Seif El Nasr) York (Hasan Malik, Scott Menary) Montreal (J.P. Martin) ALPHA-Canada responsible for Basic design, Readout (30k ch), DAQ, Monte Carlo, Reconstruction, Analysis and Operation of the Detector

10. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 10 Antihydrogen Detection and Diagnosis Trapped Hbar detection: Create Hbars in a neutral trap Clear all the charged particles Release the trap in ~20 msec Look for annihilations on the walls First measurements will be statistics limited Need best event characterizations, background rejections  Position sensitive detection of antihydrogen annihilations 3D annihilation imaging: unique tool to study plasmas Si: 3 layers 30k channel

11. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 11 Physics with Si tracker 1: Ballistic loss “Ballistic” pbar loss in octupole field due to symmetry breaking U nique annihilation signatures – Enhanced at trap edges – 4 hot spots at each end Background for Hbar detection Cross sectional images at trap edges Axial annihilation distribution Calculated field lines in neutral trap Sarah Seif El Nasr, M.Sc. Thesis (UBC) In prep. for Phys. Lett. B (2009)

12. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 12 Result2: New plasma transport mechanism Non-harmonicity of electrostatic potentials Symmetry breaking multipole magnetic fields  Zero-rotation bounce resonance Si vertex images Data Simulation Submitted to PRL (2009) Simulated particle orbits Gaining quantitative understanding of new plasma processes

13. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 13 Result 3: Hbar production in anti-atom trap: Efficient Hbar production in neutral trap, detected via Si Important milestone for Hbar trapping Started search for trapped Hbars Hbar yields vs. trap depths Hbar images via Si tracker Submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. (2009)

14. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 14 Towards Antihydrogen Spectroscopy Walter Hardy (UBC) Mike Hayden, Mohammad Dehghani (SFU) Rob Thompson, Tim Friesen (Calgary) [David Jones, UBC]

15. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 15  Wave Spectroscopy: Hardy & Hayden 1. Positron Spin Resonance – Pulsed  W at ~20 GHz trapped  un-trapped –Look for annihilations –Can start with a few atoms B 0 (T) Energy (GHz) 15 -15 a h (Anti)hydrogen energy diagram 20 GHz trapped states un-trapped states

16. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 16  W Spectroscopy: Hardy & Hayden 1. Positron Spin Resonance – Pulsesd  W at ~20 GHz trapped  un-trapped –Look for annihilations –Can start with a few atoms 2. NMR (pbar spin flip) –655 MHz at magic 0.65T turning point: insensitive to 1 st order B inhomogeneity –Double resonance w/ PSR B 0 (T) Energy (GHz) 15 -15 a h (Anti)hydrogen energy diagram 20 GHz 655 MHz trapped states un-trapped states ALPHA has accepted  Wave for 1 st spectroscopy attempt

17. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 17 Microwave Tests at CERN & SFU horn focusing reflector Loss > 10 dB W. Hardy et al, June 2008 at CERN Plasma compatible resonator M. Hayden et al. 2008 4 cm SFU prototype f 0 : 600-800 MHz Q: 100-300 opposed finger- like structures

18. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 18 ALPHA Review & Collaboration Meeting April 4-8, 2008, TRIUMF ~30 participants (9 institutes, incl. 4 Canadian) Reviewers : G. Gwinner (Manitoba), M. Lefebvre (UVic), M. Romalis (Princeton) “It is fair to say that without Alpha Canada’s contribution, the experiment would not be operating today.” “ Continued support of TRIUMF in the near future is crucial to reap the rewards of previous investment.” “ [In the spectroscopy phase] It will still be advantageous to focus the university efforts through TRIUMF leadership. ”

19. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 19 Extra Slides

20. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 20 2009 Run: June 8 to Nov 23 (longer due to LHC?) –Detector/Software Full Si detector commissioning Improved Data Acquisition Improvements in tracking and analysis codes Better understand detector backgrounds –Trapping Hbar trapping attempts with established schemes Colder plasmas with new cooling schemes –Spectroscopy Development of efficient injection of 30 GHz  W

21. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 21 University of Aarhus: G. Andersen, P.D. Bowe, J.S. Hangst RIKEN: D. Miranda, Y. Yamazaki Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: C.L. Cesar, University of Tokyo: R.S. Hayano University of Wales, Swansea: E. Butler, M. Charlton, A. Humphries, N. Madsen L. V. Jørgensen, M. Jenkins, D.P. van der Werf Auburn University: F. Robicheaux University of California, Berkeley: W. Bertsche, S. Chapman, J. Fajans, A. Povilus, J. Wurtele Nuclear Research Centre, Negev, Israel: E. Sarid University of Liverpool: P. Nolan, P. Pusa University of British Columbia: S. Seif El Nasr, D.J. Jones, W.N. Hardy* University of Calgary: T. Friesen, R. Hydomako, R.I. Thompson* Université de Montréal: J.-P. Martin* Simon Fraser University: M. Dehghani, M. Hayden* TRIUMF: P. Amaudruz*, M. Barnes, M.C. Fujiwara*, D.R. Gill*, L. Kurchaninov*, K. Olchanski*, A. Olin*, J. Storey + Professional Support** L. Kurchaninov*, K. Olchanski*, A. Olin*, J. Storey + Professional Support** York University: H. Malik, S. Menary* * Active faculty/staff in present phase **P. Bennett, D. Bishop, R. Bula, S. Chan, B. Evans, T. Howland, K. Langton, J. Nelson, D. Rowbotham, P. Vincent + Undergrad Students: W. Lai, L. Wasilenko, C. Kolbeck Project ALPHA Collaboration ALPHA-Canada

22. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 22 ALPHA Publications 1.'A Magnetic Trap for Antihydrogen Confinement' Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 566, 746 (2006) 2.'Antimatter Plasmas in a Multipole Trap for Antihydrogen' Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 023402 (2007) 3.'Production of Antihydrogen at Reduced Magnetic Field for Anti-atom Trapping' J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 41, 011001 (2008) 4.'A Novel Antiproton Radial Diagnostic Based on Octupole Indused Ballistic Loss' Phys. Plasmas 15, 032107 (2008) 5.'Critical Loss Radius in a Penning Trap Subject to Multipole Fields' Phys. Plasmas 15, 032108 (2008) 6.'Compression of Antiproton Clouds for Antihydrogen Trapping' Phys. Rev. Lett 100, 203401 (2008) 7.Antihydrogen Formation Dynamics in and Anti-atom trap, submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. (2009) 8.Magnetic multipole induced zero-rotation frequency bounce-resonat loss in a Penning- Malmberg trap used for antihydrogen trapping submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. (2009) 9.'Temporally Controlled Modulation of Antihydrogen Production and the Temperature Scaling of Antiproton-Positron Recombination' M. C. Fujiwara et al. (ATHENA data analysis) Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 053401 (2008)

23. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 23 Canadian Contributions 1.Beam monitors 2.External Scintillator 3.Internal Scintillator 4.MIDAS DAQ System 5.On-line/Off-line Software 6.Si vertex detector design & simulations 7.Si readout electronics 8.Trap control electronics 9.Building Experiment 10.Running Experiment 11.Physics Analysis 12.Developments towards spectroscopy 1.Beam monitors 2.External Scintillator 3.Internal Scintillator 4.MIDAS DAQ System 5.On-line/Off-line Software 6.Si vertex detector design & simulations 7.Si readout electronics 8.Trap control electronics 9.Building Experiment 10.Running Experiment 11.Physics Analysis 12.Developments towards spectroscopy

24. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 24 Building ALPHA at CERN

25. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 25 ALPHA Potential Sensitivity (model dep’t!) GeV Possible CPTV shift (Pospelov) Small absolute energy  E  probes high energy scale For n=1, m=1 GeV,  CPTV = M Pl ~ 10 19 GeV  E CPT ~ 10 -19 GeV (~10 kHz in frequency)

26. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 26 ALPHA Antihydrogen Apparatus Mixing trap (1T) e+ Mixing electrostatic potential Octupole magnet Si tracker antiproton trap (3T) pbar Superimpose Penning Trap and Magnetic Trap

27. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 27 ALPHA Challenges Characteristic energy scales: – Plasma energy: space charge ( ∝ en e r 2 ) ≈ 10 eV – Neutral trap depth: (  B) ≈ 0.1 meV – Need to bridge 10 5 disparity in energy scales  Careful optimization of plasma processes  Sensitive detection system  Understanding plasma Optimizations in particle moving and shaking: –~40 potentials, time scale, particle numbers etc. –Not a fundamental limitation, but takes time! –Largely systematic trial and error: much of 5-6 months beam time spent on this Antihydrogen quantum states: – Formation process still not completely understood – Need ground state for spectroscopy “Pushing new physics boundaries in plasma, atomic and other fields” TRIUMF Review Report

28. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 28 ALPHA Challenges Plasma stability –Normally axial symmetry assures plasma confinement [O’Neil’s confinement theorem: 1980] –Magnetic trap field strongly breaks the symmetry Radial B field Octupole vs Quadrupole Use Octupole instead of Quadrupole Perturbation near axis much reduced 10 8 e + 10 4 p -

29. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 29 Plasma confinement in Octupole trap Antiprotons and positrons in 1.2 T octupole field Number of particles measured as a function of storage time Demonstrate compatibility of Charged and neutral trap Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 023402 (2007) Radial B field : Octupole vs Quadrupole Use Octupole instead of Quadrupole Perturbation near axis much reduced

30. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 30 More ALPHA Physics Results Hbar production in 1T New plasma radial diagnosis Obtained with APD readout Scintillator Arrays operated at 1 to 3T Developed at TRIUMF/UBC due to Si detector delays J. Phys. B 41, 011001 (2008) Fast Track Phys. Plasmas 15, 032107 (2008) Scot Menary (York) R&D for new beam detector CVD Diamond

31. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 31 Antiproton Plasma Radial Compression Plasma radial control important –Recall E ∝ en e r 2 External rotating RF field exerts torque on plasma  radial compression What’s new? –Normally need coolant –Use electrons as a coolant Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 203401 (May 2008) Multi-channel plate imaging

32. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 32 Si Tracker Construction Summer 2005 Basic design at TRIUMF Compatible with traps Oct-Nov 2007 6 modules in situ test June-Nov 2008 38 module out of 60 commissioned (only 20,000 channel!) Spring 2009 Full detector (30,000ch) will be installed Si sensors built at Liverpool

33. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 33 Read Out System Custom made modules TRIUMF-Montreal 48 channel FADCs Level 1.5 triggering capability with FPGA Much improvement over ATHENA in performance & cost Similar to Belle system

34. MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA 34 AD Future at CERN CERN Research Board, December 2008 Antiproton Decelerator: operational until 2017 New antimatter gravity experiment AEGIS just have been approved Other high intensity hadron facilities Proposal for low energy pbars at GSI/FAIR LOI at J-PARC, Fermilab

35. Mike Hayden PSR Lineshapes and spectral resolution RF pulse length  (s) limited by radial homogeneity of field limited by spectral width of RF pulse atoms move significant distances during  no resolution improvement for pulses longer than ~10  s

36. Mike Hayden NMR lineshape and spectral resolution RF pulse length  (s) limited by spectral width of RF pulse B 0 = 1.01B′ B 0 = B′ atoms move significant distances during  coherent atom-field interactions limited by transit time to ~ 100  s f cd at B 0 =B′

37. Mike Hayden Power Requirement RF pulse length  (s) Power (W) c-d transition Ejection probabilities of a few percent/pulse field homogeneity limit transit-time limit Estimates for power required to induce spin flip; based on K/K a -band  Wave loss measurement and calibration of B 1 in UHF resonator assumes B 0 =B′ 20% conversion/pulse c d b-c transition

38. Mike Hayden Expectations Initial Experiments: a handful of H; B ~ 1T; measure PSR lines to 1:10 3 or 30 MHz (difference gives a/h) Later Experiments: plenty of H; measure PSR lines to 1:10 6 or ~ 30 kHz (limited by static field homogeneity) UHF Resonator: measure f cd to 1:10 6 or 650 Hz (limited by transit broadening) Combined at B′: gives a/h to 1:10 6 and  p to 2:10 5 independent of any other measurement