1. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE Neutrinos options at CERN R. Garoby – 27/04/2009

2. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/20092 OUTLINE 1.Context: plans for future LHC injectors 2.Potential neutrino options 2.1 “Conventional” beams: -CNGS -SPS with the new injectors -Low energy “Super-beam” 2.2 Neutrino Factory 2.3 Beta beams 3.Summary

3. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/20093 Plans for future LHC injectors

4. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/20094 Motivation 1. Reliability  The present accelerators are getting old (PS is 48 years old !) and they operate far beyond their initial design parameters  need for new accelerators designed for the needs of SLHC 2. Performance  Brightness N/  * of the beam in LHC must be increased beyond the capability of the present injectors to allow for phase 2 of the LHC upgrade. [Excessive incoherent spacecharge tune spreads  Q SC at injection in the PSB and PS].  need to increase the injection energy in the synchrotrons Increase injection energy in the PSB from 50 to 160 MeV kinetic Increase injection energy in the SPS from 25 to 50 GeV kinetic Design the PS successor (PS2) with an acceptable space charge effect for the maximum beam envisaged for sLHC => injection energy of 4 GeV.

5. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/20095 Description PSB SPS SPS+ Linac4 (LP)SPL PS LHC / SLHC DLHC Output energy 160 MeV 1.4 GeV 4 GeV 26 GeV 50 GeV 450 GeV 1 TeV 7 TeV ~ 14 TeV Linac2 50 MeV LP-SPL: Low Power - Superconducting Proton Linac (4-5 GeV) PS2: High Energy PS (~ 5 to 50 GeV – 0.3 Hz) SPS+: Superconducting SPS (50 to1000 GeV) sLHC: “Super-luminosity” LHC (up to 10 35 cm -2 s -1 ) DLHC: “Double energy” LHC (1 to ~14 TeV) Proton flux / Beam power PS2

6. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/20096 PS2 parameters PS2 goals: to provide the beam brightness required by all sLHC options to improve SPS operation in fixed target mode

7. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/20097 PS2 injector Requirements of PS2 on its injector:

8. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/20098 Why an SPL? An H - linac combined with charge exchange injection in the following synchrotron is a proven solution for reliably reaching high beam brightness, Superconducting accelerating structures allow for reaching 4 GeV with a single accelerator (minimum beam loss/irradiation + maximum reliability), An SPL provides a large potential of extension to adapt to future needs. Among the identified possibilities: –Radioactive ion beam facility (4 MW at ~ 2.5 GeV) –Proton driver for a neutrino factory (4 MW at 5 GeV) [design available] –e+/e- acceleration to ~20 GeV (using recirculation in the  =1 part of the SPL) for LHeC [preliminary study in progress] Large synergy with other projects (ESS, ADS, EURISOL, SNS…) and access to EU support for R & D.

9. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/20099 Implementation of the new injectors: Stage 1 (1/2) LINAC4 Ion speciesH-H- Output kinetic energy160 MeV Bunch frequency352.2 MHz Max. repetition rate1.1 (2) Hz Beam pulse duration0.4 (1.2) ms Chopping factor (beam on)62% Source current80 mA RFQ output current70 mA Linac current64 mA Average current during beam pulse40 mA Beam power5.1 kW Particles / pulse10 14 Beam characteristics H - source RFQ chopper DTL CCDTLPIMS 3 MeV 50 MeV 102 MeV 352.2 MHz 160 MeV Layout

10. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200910 Implementation of the new injectors: Stage 1 (2/2) Milestones  End CE works: December 2010  Infrastructure: 2011  Installation: 2011-2012  Commissioning: 2012-2013  Modifications PSB: shut-down 2013/14  Beam from PSB: 1rst of April 2014

11. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200911 Implementation of the new injectors: Stage 2 (1/4) LP-SPL + PS2 H - source RFQ chopper DTL CCDTLPIMS 3 MeV 50 MeV 102 MeV 352.2 MHz β=0.65β=0.92 643 MeV 4 GeV 704.4 MHz 160 MeV Linac4 (160 MeV)SC-linac (4 GeV) Kinetic energy (GeV)4 Beam power at 4 GeV (MW)0.12 Rep. period (s)0.6 Protons/pulse (x 10 14 )1.1 Average pulse current (mA)20 Pulse duration (ms)0.9 LP-SPL beam characteristics Length: 470 m

12. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200912 Implementation of the new injectors: Stage 2 (2/4) LP-SPL + PS2 Construction of LP-SPL and PS2 will not interfere with the regular operation of Linac4 + PSB for physics. Similarly, beam commissioning of LP-SPL and PS2 will take place without interference with physics. First milestones  Project proposal: 2011- 2012  Project start: January 2013 Critical path: Design Study & Civil Engineering! DRAFT

13. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200913 Implementation of the new injectors: Stage 2 (3/4) Site layout SPS PS2 SPL Linac4 PS ISOLDE

14. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200914 Implementation of the new injectors: Stage 2 (4/4)

15. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200915 Implementation of the new injectors: Stage 3 (1/2) HP-SPL H - source RFQ chopper DTL CCDTLPIMS 3 MeV 50 MeV 102 MeV 352.2 MHz β=0.65β=1.0 643 MeV 5 GeV 704.4 MHz 160 MeV Linac4 (160 MeV)SC-linac (5 GeV) Option 1Option 2 Energy (GeV)2.5 or 52.5 and 5 Beam power (MW)>2 MW (2.5 GeV) or >4 MW (5 GeV) 4 MW (2.5 GeV) and 4 MW (5 GeV) Rep. frequency (Hz)50 Protons/pulse (x 10 14 )1.12 (2.5 GeV) + 1 (5 GeV) Av. Pulse current (mA)2040 Pulse duration (ms)0.90.8 (2.5 GeV) + 0.4 (5 GeV) HP-SPL beam characteristics

16. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200916 Implementation of the new injectors: Stage 3 (2/2) HP-SPL The upgrade from LP-SPL to HP-SPL will depend upon the approval of major new physics programmes for Radioactive Ion beams (EURISOL-type facility) and/or for neutrinos (Neutrino factory). Staged hardware upgrade during shutdowns Earliest year of operation: >2020

17. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200917 Potential neutrino options

18. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200918 CONVENTIONAL BEAMS: CNGS (1/2) CERN Gran Sasso From SPS: 400 GeV/c Cycle length: 6 s Extractions: –2 separated by 50ms Pulse length: 10.5  s Beam intensity: –2x 2.4 · 10 13 ppp  0.5 mm Beam performance: –4.5· 10 19 pot/year Proton beam characteristics 732 km baseline –From CERN to Gran Sasso (Italy) [Elevation of 5.9°] –Far detectors: OPERA (1.21 kt), Icarus (600 t) Commissioned 2006 Operational since 2007 from E. Gschwendtner

19. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200919 CONVENTIONAL BEAMS: CNGS (2/2) 43.4m 100m 1095m18m5m 67m 2.7m TBID Air cooled graphite target magazine –4 in situ spares –2.7 interaction lengths –Target table movable horizontally/vertically for alignment TBID multiplicity detector 2 horns (horn and reflector) –Water cooled, pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150/180kA, 0.3Hz, remote polarity change possible Decay pipe: –1000m, diameter 2.45m, 1mbar vacuum Hadron absorber: –Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons 2 muon monitor stations: muon fluxes and profiles p + C  (interactions)   , K +  (decay in flight)      from E. Gschwendtner

20. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200920 CONVENTIONAL BEAMS: SPS with new injectors (1/3) from M. Meddahi

21. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200921 CONVENTIONAL BEAMS: SPS with new injectors (2/3) from M. Meddahi

22. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200922 CONVENTIONAL BEAMS: SPS with new injectors (3/3) Performance range: 2 – 4 x flux for CNGS from M. Meddahi

23. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200923 FACTORY: SPL-based proton driver (1/4) FACTORY: SPL-based proton driver (1/4) An HP-SPL based 5 GeV – 4 MW proton driver has been designed [HP-SPL + 2 fixed energy rings (accumulator & compressor)] Feasibility Study of Accumulator and Compressor for the 6- bunches SPL based Proton Driver from M. Aiba

24. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200924 Compressor [120 ns bunch - V(h=3) = 4 MV] Target [2 ns bunches – 5 times] FACTORY: SPL-based proton driver (2/4) FACTORY: SPL-based proton driver (2/4) Accumulation Duration = 400  s Compression t = 0  s t = 12  s t = 24  s t = 36  s etc. until t = 84  s Accumulator [120 ns pulses - 95 ns gaps] SPL beam [42 bunches - 33 gaps]

25. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200925 FACTORY: SPL-based proton driver (3/4) FACTORY: SPL-based proton driver (3/4) from M. Aiba

26. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200926 FACTORY: SPL-based proton driver (4/4) FACTORY: SPL-based proton driver (4/4) from M. Aiba Only the accumulator would be needed for a low energy superbeam

27. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200927  =100  BEAM FACILITY: Principle Aim: production of (anti-)neutrino beams from the beta decay of radio-active ions circulating in a storage ring –Similar concept to the neutrino factory, but parent particle is a beta-active isotope instead of a muon. Beta-decay at rest –  spectrum well known from electron spectrum –Reaction energy Q typically of a few MeV Accelerate parent ion to relativistic  max –Boosted neutrino energy spectrum: E   2  Q –Forward focusing of neutrinos:   1/  Pure electron (anti-)neutrino beam! –Depending on  + - or  - - decay we get a neutrino or anti-neutrino –Two different parent ions for neutrino and anti-neutrino beams Physics applications of a beta-beam –Primarily neutrino oscillation physics and CP-violation –Cross-sections of neutrino-nucleus interaction Aim: production of (anti-) beams from the  decay of radio-active ions circulating in a storage ring Similar concept to the factory, but parent particle is a  -active isotope instead of a . Beta-decay at rest  spectrum well known from electron spectrum Reaction energy Q typically of a few MeV Accelerate parent ion to relativistic  max Boosted energy spectrum: E   2  Q Forward focusing of :   1/  Pure electron (anti-) beam! Depending on  + - or  - - decay we get a or anti- Two different parent ions for and anti- beams Physics applications of a beta-beam Primarily oscillation physics and CP-violation Cross-sections of -nucleus interaction from E. Wildner

28. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200928  BEAM FACILITY: EURISOL scenario Based on CERN boundaries Ion choice: 6 He and 18 Ne Based on existing technology and machines –Ion production through ISOL technique –Bunching and first acceleration: ECR, linac –Rapid cycling synchrotron –Use of existing machines: PS and SPS Relativistic gamma=100 for both ions –SPS allows maximum of 150 ( 6 He) or 250 ( 18 Ne) –Gamma choice optimized for physics reach Opportunity to share a Mton Water Cherenkov detector with a CERN super-beam, proton decay studies and a neutrino observatory Achieve an annual neutrino rate of –2.9*10 18 anti-neutrinos from 6 He –1.1 10 18 neutrinos from 18 Ne The EURISOL scenario will serve as reference for further studies and developments: Within Euro we will study 8 Li and 8 B top-down approach from E. Wildner

29. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200929  BEAM FACILITY: Ions production schemes (1/2) ISOL method at 1-2 GeV (200 kW) > 1 10 13 6 He per second < 8 10 11 18 Ne per second Studied within EURISOL Direct production > 1 10 13 (?) 6 He per second 1 10 13 18 Ne per second Studied at LLN, Soreq, WI and GANIL Production ring 10 14 (?) 8 Li > 10 13 (?) 8 B Will be studied within EURO- Courtesy M. Lindroos Aim: He 2.9 10 18 (2.0 10 13 /s) Ne 1.1 10 18 (2.0 10 13 /s) from E. Wildner

30. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200930  BEAM FACILITY: Ions production schemes (2/2) Courtesy M. Lindroos from E. Wildner

31. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200931 Summary

32. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200932 (1/2) There has been significant progress during the past years in the definition of CERN future proton accelerators for the needs of LHC The possibility to upgrade to high beam power has been studied and kept compatible with the proposals HOWEVER Schedule is continuously shifting (level of resources + better understanding of Civil Engineering needs…) Numerous issues deserve special investigation to prepare for multi-MW proton drivers (Beam dynamics and hardware design for the accelerators, Design of target and target area…) The possibility to upgrade to high beam power will have a cost: approval by the CERN Council cannot be taken as granted.

33. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200933 (2/2) MILESTONES 2009: “Definition of the CERN scientific strategy” 10-13 May 2009: workshop on New Opportunities in the Physics Landscape at CERNNew Opportunities in the Physics Landscape at CERN September 2009: workshop on neutrino physics (organized by a working group of the CERN SPC) 2012: “Authorization of the new projects” June 2012: Council decision (the whole planning is locked on the starting date)  If the case for a high power SPL is strong, it would be ideal to immediately implement it.  If the high power option is considered of too low interest, the investment required to implement it later can be rejected. End of 2010’s: “Start of commissioning of sLHC”

34. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE

35. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200935 SPARE SLIDES

36. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200936 PIMS A 70 m long transfer line connects to the existing line Linac2 - PS Booster Linac4 accelerating structures Linac4 accelerates H- ions up to 160 MeV energy:  in about 80 m length  using 4 different accelerating structures, all at 352 MHz  the Radio-Frequency power is produced by 19 klystrons  focusing of the beam is provided by 111 Permanent Magnet Quadrupoles and 33 Electromagnetic Quadrupoles

37. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200937 Linac4 civil engineering Linac4 tunnel Linac4-Linac2 transfer line Equipment building Access building Low-energy injector ground level

38. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200938 Equipment Hall (Bld. 400)

39. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200939 Linac4 tunnel cross-section Final position of cable trays:

40. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200940 REFERENCES - SPL -

41. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200941 http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1136901/files/CERN-AB-2008-067.pdf

42. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200942 704 MHz1408 MHz 352 MHz (spoke) + 1408 MHz length 439 m+14%+10% N cavities 239+16%+12% N β-families 232+1 tr. beam loss --- jitter medium ε-growth (x/y/z) 5.6/8.2/6.86.3/7.8/12.11.5/5.3/2.5 trans. beam loading --- BBU (HOM) I BBU,704 1/(8..128)higher/lower trapped modes normal risk2..4 higher risk?/higher SC gradients --- field control more complex Comparison of frequencies (1/2)

43. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200943 704 MHz1408 MHz 352 MHz (spoke) + 1408 MHz cryo-modules ~ ILC 2 different types cooling power @4.5 K 15.3 kW15.5 kW? klystrons comfortable: MBKdifficultexisting/difficult RF power coupler feasible RF power density limit (distribution) okproblematicbulky/problematic overall power consumption (RF+cryo, nom. SPL) 28 MW-30%? power converter more bulkysaves tunnel space- synergy with ESS yesno Comparison of frequencies (2/2)

44. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200944 Conclusions of the assessment

45. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200945 SPL cryomodules

46. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200946 REFERENCES - Site Layouts (Stage 3) -

47. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200947 Plan for a Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (Stage 3) HP-SPL TARGETS RADIOACTIVE IONS LINAC EURISOL EXPERIMENTAL HALLS ISOLDE OR EURISOL HIGH ENERGY EXPERIMENTAL HALL TRANSFER LINES SPL to EURISOL TRANSFER LINE SPL to ISOLDE

48. GDR NEUTRINO - SESSION 2009 27-28 April, 2009 - LPNHE R.G. 27/04/200948 Plan for a Neutrino Factory (Stage 3) MUON PRODUCTION TARGET MUON ACCELERATORS MUON STORAGE RING SPL ACCUMULATOR & COMPRESSOR