1. 1 Chapter 9 Additional Control Structures Dale/Weems

2. 2 Chapter 9 Topics l Switch Statement for Multi-Way Branching l Do-While Statement for Looping l For Statement for Looping Using break and continue Statements

3. 3 Switch Statement The Switch statement is a selection control structure for multi-way branching switch (IntegralExpression) { case Constant1 : Statement(s); // optional case Constant2 : Statement(s); // optional. default :// optional Statement(s); // optional }

4. 4 float weightInPounds = 165.8; char weightUnit;... // User enters letter for desired weightUnit switch (weightUnit) { case ‘P’ : case ‘p’ : cout << weightInPounds << “ pounds “ << endl; break; case ‘O’ : case ‘o’ : cout << 16.0 * weightInPounds << “ ounces “ << endl; break; case ‘K’ : case ‘k’ : cout << weightInPounds / 2.2 << “ kilos “ << endl; break; case ‘G’ : case ‘g’ : cout << 454.0 * weightInPounds << “ grams “ << endl; break; default : cout << “That unit is not handled! “ << endl; break; } 4

5. 5 Switch Statement l The value of IntegralExpression (of char, short, int, long or enum type) determines which branch is executed l Case labels are constant (possibly named) integral expressions l Several case labels can precede a statement

6. 6 Control in Switch Statement l Control branches to the statement following the case label that matches the value of IntegralExpression l Control proceeds through all remaining statements, including the default, unless redirected with break l If no case label matches the value of IntegralExpression, control branches to the default label, if present--otherwise control passes to the statement following the entire switch statement l Forgetting to use break can cause logical errors because after a branch is taken, control proceeds sequentially until either break or the end of the switch statement occurs

7. 7 Do-While Statement Do-While is a looping control structure in which the loop condition is tested after each iteration of the loop SYNTAX do { Statement } while (Expression); Loop body statement can be a single statement or a block

8. 8 void GetYesOrNo (/* out */ char& response) // Inputs a character from the user // Postcondition: response has been input // && response == ‘y’ or ‘n’ { do { cin >> response; // Skips leading whitespace if ((response != ‘y’) && (response != ‘n’)) cout << “Please type y or n : “; } while ((response != ‘y’) && (response != ‘n’)); } Example of Do-While 8

9. 9 Do-While Loop vs. While Loop l POST-TEST loop (exit-condition) l The looping condition is tested after executing the loop body l Loop body is always executed at least once l PRE-TEST loop (entry-condition) l The looping condition is tested before executing the loop body l Loop body may not be executed at all

10. 10 Do-While Loop When the expression is tested and found to be false, the loop is exited and control passes to the statement that follows the Do-while statement Statement Expression DO WHILE FALSE TRUE

11. 11 For Loop SYNTAX for (initialization; test expression; update) { Zero or more statements to repeat }

12. 12 For loop contains l An initialization l An expression to test for continuing l An update to execute after each iteration of the body

13. 13 Example of For Loop int num; for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++) { cout << num << “Potato” << endl; }

14. 14 Example of Repetition num int num; for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << “Potato” << endl; OUTPUT ?

15. 15 Example of Repetition int num; for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << “Potato” << endl; num OUTPUT 1

16. 16 Example of Repetition num OUTPUT 1 int num; for(num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << “Potato” << endl; true

17. 17 Example of Repetition num int num; for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << “Potato” << endl; OUTPUT 1 1Potato

18. 18 Example of Repetition num OUTPUT 2 int num; for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << “Potato” << endl; 1Potato

19. 19 Example of Repetition num OUTPUT 2 true 1Potato int num; for(num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << “Potato” << endl;

20. 20 Example of Repetition num int num; for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << “Potato” << endl; OUTPUT 2 1Potato 2Potato

21. 21 Example of Repetition num OUTPUT 3 int num; for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << “Potato” << endl; 1Potato 2Potato

22. 22 Example of Repetition num OUTPUT 3 true 1Potato 2Potato int num; for(num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << “Potato” << endl;

23. 23 Example of Repetition num int num; for(num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << “Potato” << endl; OUTPUT 3 1Potato 2Potato 3Potato

24. 24 Example of Repetition num OUTPUT 4 int num; for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << “Potato” << endl; 1Potato 2Potato 3Potato

25. 25 Example of Repetition num OUTPUT 4 false 1Potato 2Potato 3Potato int num; for(num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << “Potato” << endl;

26. 26 Example of Repetition num When the loop control condition is evaluated and has value false, the loop is said to be “satisfied” and control passes to the statement following the For statement 4 false int num; for(num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << “Potato” << endl;

27. 27 Output The output was 1Potato 2Potato 3Potato

28. 28 int count; for (count = 4; count > 0; count--) { cout << count << endl; } cout << “Done” << endl; Count-controlled Loop OUTPUT: 4 3 2 1 Done

29. 29 What is output? int count; for (count = 0; count < 10; count++) { cout << “*”; }

30. 30 Answer ********** The 10 asterisks are all on one line. Why?

31. 31 What output from this loop? int count; for (count = 0; count < 10; count++); { cout << “*”; }

32. 32 l No output from the for loop! Why? l The semicolon after the () means that the body statement is a null statement l In general, the body of the For loop is whatever statement immediately follows the () l That statement can be a single statement, a block, or a null statement Actually, the code outputs one * after the loop completes counting to 10 Answer

33. 33 Several Statements in Body Block const int MONTHS = 12; int count; float bill; float sum = 0.0; for (count = 1; count <= MONTHS; count++) { cout << “Enter bill: “; cin >> bill; sum = sum + bill; } cout << “Your total bill is : “ << sum << endl; 33

34. 34 Break Statement l The Break statement can be used with Switch or any of the 3 looping structures l It causes an immediate exit from the Switch, While, Do-While, or For statement in which it appears l If the Break statement is inside nested structures, control exits only the innermost structure containing it

35. 35 Guidelines for Choosing Looping Statement l For a simple count-controlled loop, use the For statement l For an event-controlled loop whose body always executes once, use of Do-While statement l For an event-controlled loop about which nothing is known, use a While statement l When in doubt, use a While statement

36. 36 Continue Statement l The Continue statement is valid only within loops l It terminates the current loop iteration, but not the entire loop l In a For or While, Continue causes the rest of the body of the statement to be skipped; in a For statement, the update is done l In a Do-While, the exit condition is tested, and if true, the next loop iteration is begun

37. 37 Problem Given a character, a length, and a width, draw a box For example, given the values ‘&’, 4, and 6, you would display &&&&&&

38. 38 Prototype for Void Function Call your function DrawBox () with 3 parameters, the first is type char, the other 2 are type int. void DrawBox(char, int, int); Identifiers may appear in prototypes, but are not necessary void DrawBox(char letter, int num1, int num2);

39. 39 void DrawBox(char what, int down, int across) // 3 parameters { int row, col; // 2 local variables for (row = 0; row < down; row++) { for (col = 0; col < across; col++) { cout << what; } cout << endl; } return; } 39

40. 40 #include void DrawBox (char, int, int); // Prototype int main () { char letter = ‘&’; DrawBox(letter, 4, 2*3); // Function call DrawBox(‘V’, 9, 3); // Function call return 0; } The Driver Program