1. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings C h a p t e r 16 The Nervous System: Pathways and Higher-Order Functions PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Agnes Yard and Michael Yard Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Which of the following cortical areas integrates complex sensory stimuli and motor responses? a. general interpretive area b. speech center c. prefrontal cortex d. all of the above

3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Conscious motor control of skeletal muscles is an action of the: a. corticobulbar tracts b. lateral corticospinal tracts c. anterior corticospinal tracts d. all of the above

4. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regarding somatic motor control, which of the following structures control(s) more-complex respiratory reflexes? a. superior medulla oblongata b. hypothalamus c. inferior medulla oblongata d. a and c

5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Which of the following is the site of decussation of the lateral corticospinal tracts? a. brain stem (mesencephalon) b. pyramids of medulla oblongata c. level of lower motor neurons d. They do not cross.

6. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Which of the following is not a possible cause of cerebral palsy? a. CNS trauma associated with premature or unusually stressful birth b.a genetic defect that causes the improper development of sensory pathways c. maternal exposure to drugs, including alcohol d.All of the above are possible causes of cerebral palsy.

7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Which of the following statements regarding the posterior spinocerebellar tract is/are false? a. It carries axons that ascend to the cerebellar cortex via the superior cerebellar peduncle. b. It is a sensory tract. c. It carries axons that do not cross over to the opposite side of the spinal cord. d. a and c

8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Subconscious regulation of upper limb muscle tone and movement is an action characterizing which motor tracts? a.reticulospinal tracts b. corticobulbar tracts c. rubrospinal tracts d. vestibulospinal tracts

9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Which components of the limbic system are essential to memory consolidation? a.amygdaloid body and hypothalamus b. hypothalamus and hippocampus c. hippocampus and amygdaloid body d. thalamus and amygdaloid body

10. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Which of the following statements regarding the reticular activating system (RAS) is false? a. The mesencephalic portion of the RAS appears to be the control center of the system. b. Associated nuclei in the thalamus play a supporting role by focusing attention on specific processes. c. The state of consciousness of an individual is determined by complex interactions between the brain stem and the diencephalon. d. None of the above is false.

11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Which of the following is/are responsible for proprioceptive sensations? a. posterior column pathway b. spinothalamic pathway c. spinocerebellar pathway d. a and c

12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The basal nuclei: a. provide background patterns of movement involved in involuntary motor activities b. exert direct control over lower motor neurons c. adjust the activities of upper motor neurons in the various motor pathways d. b and c

13. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Damage to which of the following structures leads to an immediate loss of short-term memory? a. hippocampus b. amygdaloid body c. gnostic area d. prefrontal cortex

14. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Activity within the corticospinal, medial, and lateral pathways is monitored and adjusted by the: a. cerebellum b. cerebral cortex c. basal nuclei d. a and c

15. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Which of the following is not a major somatic sensory pathway? a. spinothalamic pathway b. spinocerebellar pathway c. medial pathway d. posterior column pathway

16. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The output of the cerebellum affects which of the following? a. lower motor neuron activity in the corticospinal and medial pathways b. lower motor neuron activity in the lateral pathway c. upper motor neuron activity in the corticospinal, medial, and lateral pathways d. a and b

17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Damage to which cortical area would affect the ability to interpret what is read or heard, even though the words would be understood as individual entities? a. Broca’s area b. prefrontal cortex c. frontal eye field d. gnostic area

18. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Which chronic state of awareness is characterized by deficits in memory, spatial orientation, language, or personality? a. delirium b. amnesia c. dementia d. confusion

19. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Precise movements of the forearms, wrists, and hands cannot occur if which of the following pathways is inoperative? a. tectospinal b. corticospinal c. rubrospinal d. reticulospinal

20. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Which pathway carries highly localized information from the skin and musculoskeletal system about proprioception, fine touch, pressure, and vibration sensations? a. posterior column (medial lemniscal) pathway b. spinothalamic pathway c. corticospinal pathway d. spinocerebellar pathway

21. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Which of the following statements regarding lower motor neurons is/are false? a.Destruction of or damage to a lower motor neuron may produce muscle rigidity or uncoordinated contraction. b.Lower motor neurons are located in a motor nucleus of the brain stem or spinal cord. c.Destruction of a lower motor neuron produces a flaccid paralysis of the innervated muscle unit. d.a and b

22. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regarding hemispheric specialization, which of the following is not a characteristic of the representational (nondominant) hemisphere? a. spatial perception b. general interpretive center c. emotional context of language d. facial recognition

23. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings In the spinothalamic pathway, projection fibers of which neurons carry sensations of pain and temperature to the primary sensory cortex? a. upper motor neurons b. third-order neurons c. second-order neurons d. first-order neurons

24. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The lower motor neurons of the anterior gray horns of only the cervical spinal cord is the destination for which motor tracts? a. reticulospinal tracts b. rubrospinal tracts c. tectospinal tracts d. vestibulospinal tracts

25. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Which of the following statements regarding aging and the nervous system is false? a. The number of dendritic branches and interconnections appear to decrease, and the rate of neurotransmitter production declines. b. Neurofibrillary tangles are masses of neurofibrils that form dense mats outside the soma, extracellularly. c. Anatomical changes associated with aging, which occur to the nervous system, begin shortly after maturity (probably by age 30). d. None of the above is false.

26. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Which of the following statements regarding the basal nuclei is/are true? a. There are four distinct populations of neurons within the basal nuclei. b. There are four major pathways used by the basal nuclei to adjust or establish patterns of movements. c. Under normal conditions, the tracts leaving the basal nuclei have an excitatory effect on upper motor neurons. d. b and c