1. The Spread of Pathogens Starter 1. Why are most antibiotics no longer effective against MRSA? 2. Describe the pattern in Graph 1 and 2 3. Explain why deaths from MRSA kept increasing until 2005. 3-Jun-16

2. Spread of MRSA 1. Why are most antibiotics no longer effective against MRSA? MRSA has resistance to most antibiotics, so it will not kill the MRSA. 3-Jun-16

3. Death Rates from MRSA of death is MRSAMRSA in death certificate 3-Jun-16

4. Incidences of MRSA by age and gender 2005 ( Source: National Office of Statistics) 3-Jun-16

5. 3. Explain why deaths from MRSA kept increasing until 2005 MRSA is not easily treated because it has resistance to many antibiotics, therefore it can spread quickly through the population. After 2005 measures to stop the spread of MRSA start to have an effect. 3-Jun-16

6. Learning outcomes By the end of the lesson, students will be able to: Analyse MRSA data and state the patterns found in the UK population State why antibiotics may no longer be effective against a new resistant strain of the pathogen Explain why new strains of pathogen can spread rapidly through populations State methods to prevent further resistance arising in pathogens Explain the difference between MRSA and the Flu pandemic 3-Jun-16

7. Learning outcomes By the end of the lesson, students will be able to: State the reasons for the spread of pathogens across populations Describe treatments for pathogens. 3-Jun-16

8. MRSA Read ‘why is MRSA so dangerous’ to answer the following question 1. Who is most at risk from superbugs? 2. Why are ‘superbugs’ known as healthcare- acquired infections (or hospital acquired infections)? 3. How can MRSA be treated? 4. How can we combat the Superbugs? 3-Jun-16

9. MRSA Why are ‘superbugs’ known as healthcare-acquired infections (or hospital acquired infections)? Hospitals and care homes are locations where there will be a high use of antibiotic. Therefore there will be a higher proportion of antibiotic resistant bacteria present (superbugs). How can MRSA be treated? Antibiotics can work but the person may require a much higher dose, over a much longer period. Some alternative antibiotics are kept especially for superbugs, these are not used in general healthcare to ensure that the bacteria cannot be come resistant 3-Jun-16

10. MRSA How can we combat the Superbugs? Doctors have now been told to cut antibiotic prescribing and take more time advising patients about the nature of infections i.e. Antibiotics do not work for viral infections If bacteria are not exposed to an antibiotics they cannot become resistant to them. The development of new antibiotics that can be used to treat infections. New antibiotics mean that the bacteria cannot be resistant to them 3-Jun-16

11. MRSA About one in three of us carries the S.aureus. This is known as being colonised by the bacteria. People can carry MRSA for a few hours or days or sometimes for weeks or months. To combat this: Hygiene - hand-washing by staff between examining patients, and all staff and visitors entering wards should wash their hands. Cleaning hospital wards to ensure MRSA is not on surfaces 3-Jun-16

12. Flu Pandemic of 2009 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8083179.stm http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3F9W551mZy0 View the spread of swine flu pandemic of 2009 View NHS cold and flu ad Read the New Scientist ‘Swine flu pandemic’ Make a table to compare and contrast MRSA and the Flu pandemic. Make sure you include Causes of the disease Spread of the disease (how it is transmitted) Treatment 3-Jun-16

13. Comparison of MRSA and Flu MRSASwine Flu Caused by bacteria that has mutated from S. Aureus into an antibiotic resistant MRSA Caused by virus that has mutated. It is actually a hybrid of human, bird and swine flu 3-Jun-16

14. Comparison of MRSA and Flu MRSASwine Flu Caused by bacteria that has mutated from S. Aureus into an antibiotic resistant MRSA Caused by virus that has mutated. It is actually a hybrid of human, bird and swine flu Through contact either person to person or through contaminated surfaces. It must enter the body to be an infection Most viruses are thought to be passed from person to person by contact with respiratory droplets 3-Jun-16

15. Comparison of MRSA and Flu MRSASwine Flu Caused by bacteria that has mutated from S. Aureus into an antibiotic resistant MRSA Caused by virus that has mutated. It is actually a hybrid of human, bird and swine flu Through contact either person to person or through contaminated surfaces. It must enter the body to be an infection Most viruses are thought to be passed from person to person by contact with respiratory droplets High dose of an antibiotic over a longer than normal period Or use of an alternative antibiotic that MRSA is not resistant to Development of a vaccine to prevent the flu developing There is no cure for a virus, you have to wait for your immune system to kill the virus 3-Jun-16

16. Plenary State three things that you could do to prevent the spread of MRSA Always wash your hands Don’t go to the doctor for a sore throat, it’s a virus! Always finish your course of antibiotics, even if you feel better! 3-Jun-16