1. Introduction to Computer Architecture

2. What is binary? We use the decimal (base 10) number system Binary is the base 2 number system Ten different numbers are used in base 10. How many are used in base 2?

3. Bits & Bytes kilo, mega, and giga are different in binary! bit (b) – binary digit Byte (B) – 8 binary digits KiloByte (KB) – 2 10 bytes MegaByte (MB) – 2 20 bytes GigaByte (GB) – 2 30 bytes

4. Storage Scam! Example: iPod Nano 8GB

5. What is computer architecture? What does “architecture” mean? Layout and interactions of a computer system What is a computer system? Input  Process  Output Can a computer system be more than one computer? Think of an example...

6. Major Components of a Computer Central Processing Unit (CPU) Random Access Memory (RAM) Hard Drive / Disk

7. ON-OFF-ON-ON 1 0 1 1 Several ways to remember the state of a switch:  Electrical – RAM, flash memory  Magnetic – Hard drives, magnetic tapes  Optical – CDs, DVDs

8. What does memory look like? Memory ~ RAM Looks like a table Address and Data Address is the location Data is the actual value Memory stores both data and assembly instructions AddressData 036 13765 2786 3356 4252 567980 62355 74234 83466

9. Central Processing Unit (CPU) Also called the “chip” or “processor” The brain of the computer Major components:  Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) calculator  Control unit controls the calculator  Communication bus systems What’s a bus?!? Control Unit ALU Memory Address Bus Data Bus

10. Fetch-Execute Cycle 1. Fetch instruction from memory 2. Decode instruction in control unit 3. Execute instruction (data may be fetched from memory) 4. Store results if necessary 5. Repeat! Control Unit ALU Memory Address Bus Data Bus

11. Registers Temporary storage containers used inside the CPU Extremely fast Fixed size, usually multiples of 8-bits  Also called a “word”  Example: 32-bit machines (4-byte words) How large is a word in a 64-bit machine?

12. Cache Slower than registers Faster than RAM Located in front of main RAM Different levels of cache Level1 (L1) and Level2 (L2) Size is usually around 1 MB

13. Memory Hierarchy

14. Virtual Memory What if a program is too big for RAM? If a program is too big for memory (RAM), then we start using the hard drive (disk) to store data

15. Hard Drives

16. CD/DVDs Lands and pits used to represent binary Optical medium - lasers and refraction used to read lands and pits

17. Direct Access also known as “random access” No need to go through other data to get the data you want We already know where the data is, so we just get it “Magic data retrieval” – no movement/motion Example: registers, cache, RAM

18. Sequential Access also known as “serial-access” Data is ordered in some sequential fashion To get to your data, you need to go through other data in front of it Example:  Fast-forwarding through a tape to get to the song you want

19. Direct-Access vs. Sequential Access Direct-Access:  Advantage: fast access  Disadvantage: data cannot be accessed in sequential or sorted order Data is placed randomly on the disk Accessing things in order then requires an index file Slower when trying to access sequential data that is not already in order (back-and-forth-and-back-and-forth)  Example: hard drives (disks) Sequential Access  Advantage: Simple to organize (already in some sequential order)  Disadvantage: Slow when accessing specific things in no order  Example: magnetic tape backups Could we implement sequential access using a hard disk?