1. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text PROGRAMME F11 DIFFERENTIATION

2. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text The gradient of a straight-line graph The gradient of a curve at a given point Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve Derivatives of powers of x Differentiation of polynomials Derivatives – an alternative notation Second derivatives Differentiation of products of functions Differentiation of a quotient of two functions Functions of a function Newton-Raphson iterative method Programme F11: Differentiation

3. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text The gradient of a straight-line graph The gradient of a curve at a given point Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve Derivatives of powers of x Differentiation of polynomials Derivatives – an alternative notation Second derivatives Differentiation of products of functions Differentiation of a quotient of two functions Functions of a function Newton-Raphson iterative method Programme F11: Differentiation

4. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text The gradient of a straight-line graph Programme F11: Differentiation The gradient of the sloping line straight line in the figure is defined as: the vertical distance the line rises and falls between the two points P and Q the horizontal distance between P and Q

5. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text The gradient of a straight-line graph Programme F11: Differentiation The gradient of the sloping straight line in the figure is given as:

6. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text The gradient of a straight-line graph The gradient of a curve at a given point Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve Derivatives of powers of x Differentiation of polynomials Derivatives – an alternative notation Second derivatives Differentiation of products of functions Differentiation of a quotient of two functions Functions of a function Newton-Raphson iterative method Programme F11: Differentiation

7. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text The gradient of a curve at a given point Programme F11: Differentiation The gradient of a curve between two points will depend on the points chosen:

8. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text The gradient of a curve at a given point The gradient of a curve at a point P is defined to be the gradient of the tangent at that point:

9. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text The gradient of a straight-line graph The gradient of a curve at a given point Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve Derivatives of powers of x Differentiation of polynomials Derivatives – an alternative notation Second derivatives Differentiation of products of functions Differentiation of a quotient of two functions Functions of a function Newton-Raphson iterative method Programme F11: Differentiation

10. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve Programme F11: Differentiation The gradient of the chord PQ is and the gradient of the tangent at P is

11. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve Programme F11: Differentiation As Q moves to P so the chord rotates. When Q reaches P the chord is coincident with the tangent. For example, consider the graph of

12. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve At Q: So As Therefore called the derivative of y with respect to x.

13. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text The gradient of a straight-line graph The gradient of a curve at a given point Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve Derivatives of powers of x Differentiation of polynomials Derivatives – an alternative notation Second derivatives Differentiation of products of functions Differentiation of a quotient of two functions Functions of a function Newton-Raphson iterative method Programme F11: Differentiation

14. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text Derivatives of powers of x Two straight lines Two curves Programme F11: Differentiation

15. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text Derivatives of powers of x Two straight lines Programme F11: Differentiation (a)

16. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text Derivatives of powers of x Two straight lines (b) Programme F11: Differentiation

17. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text Derivatives of powers of x Two curves Programme F11: Differentiation (a) so

18. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text Derivatives of powers of x Two curves Programme F11: Differentiation (b) so

19. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text Derivatives of powers of x A clear pattern is emerging:

20. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text The gradient of a straight-line graph The gradient of a curve at a given point Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve Derivatives of powers of x Differentiation of polynomials Derivatives – an alternative notation Second derivatives Differentiation of products of functions Differentiation of a quotient of two functions Functions of a function Newton-Raphson iterative method Programme F11: Differentiation

21. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text Differentiation of polynomials Programme F11: Differentiation To differentiate a polynomial, we differentiate each term in turn:

22. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text The gradient of a straight-line graph The gradient of a curve at a given point Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve Derivatives of powers of x Differentiation of polynomials Derivatives – an alternative notation Second derivatives Differentiation of products of functions Differentiation of a quotient of two functions Functions of a function Newton-Raphson iterative method Programme F11: Differentiation

23. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text Derivatives – an alternative notation Programme F11: Differentiation The double statement: can be written as:

24. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text The gradient of a straight-line graph The gradient of a curve at a given point Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve Derivatives of powers of x Differentiation of polynomials Derivatives – an alternative notation Second derivatives Differentiation of products of functions Differentiation of a quotient of two functions Functions of a function Newton-Raphson iterative method Programme F11: Differentiation

25. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text Second derivatives Notation Limiting value of Standard derivatives Programme F11: Differentiation

26. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text Second derivatives Notation Programme F11: Differentiation The derivative of the derivative of y is called the second derivative of y and is written as: So, if: then

27. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text Second derivatives Limiting value of Programme F11: Differentiation Area of triangle POA is: Area of sector POA is: Area of triangle POT is: Therefore: That is:

28. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text Second derivatives Standard derivatives Programme F11: Differentiation The table of standard derivatives can be extended to include trigonometric and the exponential functions:

29. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text The gradient of a straight-line graph The gradient of a curve at a given point Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve Derivatives of powers of x Differentiation of polynomials Derivatives – an alternative notation Second derivatives Differentiation of products of functions Differentiation of a quotient of two functions Functions of a function Newton-Raphson iterative method Programme F11: Differentiation

30. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text Differentiation of products of functions Programme F11: Differentiation Given the product of functions of x: then: This is called the product rule.

31. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text The gradient of a straight-line graph The gradient of a curve at a given point Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve Derivatives of powers of x Differentiation of polynomials Derivatives – an alternative notation Second derivatives Differentiation of products of functions Differentiation of a quotient of two functions Functions of a function Newton-Raphson iterative method Programme F11: Differentiation

32. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text Differentiation of a quotient of two functions Programme F11: Differentiation Given the quotient of functions of x: then: This is called the quotient rule.

33. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text The gradient of a straight-line graph The gradient of a curve at a given point Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve Derivatives of powers of x Differentiation of polynomials Derivatives – an alternative notation Second derivatives Differentiation of products of functions Differentiation of a quotient of two functions Functions of a function Newton-Raphson iterative method Programme F11: Differentiation

34. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text Functions of a function Differentiation of a function of a function To differentiate a function of a function we employ the chain rule. If y is a function of u which is itself a function of x so that: Then: This is called the chain rule. Programme F11: Differentiation

35. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text Functions of a function Differentiation of a function of a function Programme F11: Differentiation Many functions of a function can be differentiated at sight by a slight modification to the list of standard derivatives:

36. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text The gradient of a straight-line graph The gradient of a curve at a given point Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve Derivatives of powers of x Differentiation of polynomials Derivatives – an alternative notation Second derivatives Differentiation of products of functions Differentiation of a quotient of two functions Functions of a function Newton-Raphson iterative method Programme F11: Differentiation

37. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text Newton-Raphson iterative method Tabular display of results Programme F11: Differentiation Given that x 0 is an approximate solution to the equation f(x) = 0 then a better solution is given as x 1, where: This gives rise to a series of improving solutions by iteration using: A tabular display of improving solutions can be produced in a spreadsheet.

38. STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text Programme F11: Differentiation Learning outcomes Determine the gradient of a straight-line graph Evaluate from first principles the gradient of a point on a quadratic curve Differentiate powers of x and polynomials Evaluate second derivatives and use tables of standard derivatives Differentiate products and quotients of expressions Differentiate using the chain rule for a function of a function Use the Newton-Raphson method to obtain a numerical solution to an equation