1. Principles of Ecology By Mr. K

2. Energy in an Ecosystem  __________________ 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Principles of Ecology  Organism that collects energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce food  _____________  Organism that gets it energy requirements by consuming other organisms.  Predation is a feature of heterotrophs A lynx is a heterotroph. Chapter 2 E.g. : __________

3. _________________ eat fragments of dead matter in an ecosystem, and return nutrients to the soil, air, and water where the nutrients can be reused by organisms. Principles of Ecology Fungus 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Chapter 2

4. Principles of Ecology Models of Energy Flow  Food chains and food webs model the energy flow through an ecosystem.  Each step in a food chain or food web is called a ________________. 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Chapter 2

5. Principles of Ecology __________________  A _____________ is a simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem. 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Chapter 2

6. Principles of Ecology  A ______________ is a model representing the many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through a group of organisms. 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Chapter 2 __________________

7. Principles of Ecology ________________________  A diagram that can show the relative amounts of energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level in an organism 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Chapter 2

8. Cycles in the Biosphere 2.3 Cycling of Matter Principles of Ecology  Energy is transformed into usable forms to support the functions of an ecosystem.  The cycling of _____________ in the biosphere involves both ____________ in living organisms and physical processes found in the environment such as weathering. Chapter 2

9. 2.3 Cycling of Matter Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 ______________ all the water found on Earth ______________ the hard part of Earth’s surface _____________ the layer of gases above the Earth _______________ the regions of Earth where organisms live

10. 2.3 Cycling of Matter Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Chemicals that are needed by living things and are continually cycled through ecosystems H 2 O C N P _____________

11. The Water Cycle Principles of Ecology 2.3 Cycling of Matter Chapter 2

12. Principles of Ecology  ____________ constitutes only about ____ of all water on Earth.  About ____of all freshwater is found in _____________________. 2.3 Cycling of Matter Chapter 2  Approximately ____of water vapor evaporates from oceans, lakes, and rivers; ___ evaporates from the surface of plants through a process called ______________.

13. Principles of Ecology The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles 2.3 Cycling of Matter Chapter 2

14. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 ______________is the process green plants use to remove ______ in the air with the help of __________, and release _____. Reaction: _________________is the process plants and animals use to release ____ and _______________ Reaction:

15. Principles of Ecology  Carbon and oxygen recycle relatively quickly through living organisms. 2.3 Cycling of Matter Chapter 2  ________and _________often make up molecules essential for life.

16. Principles of Ecology Long-term Cycle  Organic matter converted to peat, coal, oil, or gas deposits (carbon)  Calcium carbonate (carbon and oxygen) Short-term Cycle  Burning fossil fuels (carbon) 2.3 Cycling of Matter Chapter 2

17. Principles of Ecology Nitrogen 2.3 Cycling of Matter Chapter 2 Approximately _____of the Earth’s atmosphere is composed of nitrogen gas, N 2. Nitrogen is essential to life because it is a key component of proteins and ____ Neither plants or animals can obtain nitrogen from the atmosphere. It must be supplied in another form, the nitrate ion, _____.

18. Principles of Ecology The Nitrogen Cycle  The capture and conversion of nitrogen into a form that is useable by plants is called ___________. 2.3 Cycling of Matter Chapter 2

19. Principles of Ecology  Consumers get nitrogen by eating plants or animals that contain nitrogen. 2.3 Cycling of Matter Chapter 2  Nitrogen enters the food web when plants absorb nitrogen compounds from soil.

20. Principles of Ecology  Nitrogen is returned to the soil in several ways:  Animals urinate.  Organisms die.  Bacteria convert ammonia into nitrogen compounds and nitrogen gas is released back to the atmosphere. _________________ 2.3 Cycling of Matter Chapter 2

21. Principles of Ecology Phosphorus 2.3 Cycling of Matter Chapter 2 Phosphorus is a key element in _____, cell membranes and DNA. It is found in _______ in the form of phosphate ions, _______. During rock erosion, phosphates are dissolved in water and are washed into rivers, streams and oceans.

22. Principles of Ecology Agriculture and Nutrients 2.3 Cycling of Matter Chapter 2 As crops are harvested, the valuable nitrogen and phosphorus in plants are removed and cannot be returned to the soil.

23. Principles of Ecology Agriculture and Nutrients 2.3 Cycling of Matter Chapter 2 A fertilizer is a material used to replace nutrients to plants, usually for the purpose of increasing farming production.

24. Principles of Ecology Agriculture and Nutrients 2.3 Cycling of Matter Chapter 2 The nutrients can runoff into local water systems or seep into groundwater causing algal bloom. When the algae die, the population of decomposers increases, causing less oxygen in the water and aquatic organisms may die.

25. Principles of Ecology Agriculture and Nutrients 2.3 Cycling of Matter Chapter 2 Dying animals make the problem worse! Decomposers begin to recycle the matter from the dead fish, allowing the populations of bacteria to grow even larger, and use even more oxygen!

26. Principles of Ecology The Phosphorus Cycle 2.3 Cycling of Matter Chapter 2

27. Principles of Ecology Short-term Cycle  Phosphorus is cycled from the soil to producers and then from the producers to consumers. Long-term Cycle  Weathering or erosion of rocks that contain phosphorus slowly adds phosphorus to the cycle. 2.3 Cycling of Matter Chapter 2

28. CDQ 1 A. predation B. parasitism C. commensalism D. mutualism Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Chapter Diagnostic Questions The act of one organism consuming another organism for food is _______.

29. CDQ 2 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D A. from an autotroph to a heterotroph B. from a heterotroph to an autotroph C. from a carnivore to an herbivore D. from an omnivore to an herbivore Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Chapter Diagnostic Questions Identify how energy flows through an ecosystem in a typical food chain.

30. CDQ 3 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D A. biomass B. energy C. matter D. nutrient Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Chapter Diagnostic Questions What is a chemical substance that an organism must obtain from its environment to survive?

31. FQ 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D Principles of Ecology A. plants and microscopic organisms living B. pH and salt concentration of the soil C. sunlight, soil type and soil nutrients D. temperature, air currents and rainfall Chapter 2 2.1 Formative Questions Which are biotic factors in a forest environment?

32. FQ 2 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D A. ecosystem B. habitat C. biological community D. biotic collection Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.1 Formative Questions What is the name for a group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time?

33. FQ 3 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D A. all of the biotic factors in an ecosystem B. an area where an organism lives C. an area in which various species interact D. the role or position that an organism has Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.1 Formative Questions Which defines habitat?

34. FQ 4 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D A. autotroph B. herbivore C. heterotroph D. decomposer Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.2 Formative Questions What type of organism is the foundation of all ecosystems?

35. FQ 5 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.2 Formative Questions A. They feed on fragments of dead plants and animals B. They feed on organisms by releasing digestive enzymes. C. They get energy from inorganic substances to make food. D. They use chlorophyll to capture energy from the sun. How do detritivores obtain their energy in an ecosystem?

36. FQ 6 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D A. carnivores B. herbivores C. autotrophs D. heterotrophs Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.2 Formative Questions Which type of organism exists at all trophic levels except the first trophic level?

37. FQ 7 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D A. decomposer B. primary producer C. secondary producer D. top level consumer Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Formative Questions What type of organism returns nutrients to an ecosystem?

38. FQ 8 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D A. biochemist B. ecologist C. geologist D. hydrologist Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Formative Questions What type of scientist studies water found underground, in the atmosphere, and on the surface of the earth?

39. FQ 9 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D A. carbon cycle B. nitrogen cycle C. phosphorus cycle D. water cycle Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Formative Questions Which biogeochemical cycle involves evaporation, transpiration, precipitation and runoff?

40. FQ 10 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Formative Questions A. photosynthesis B. respiration C. combustion of fossil fuels D. deposition of dead material Which process in this cycle converts carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates?

41. Use the diagram to compare and contrast biotic and abiotic factors. Give examples of each. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Chapter Assessment Questions CAQ 1

42. Use the image below to explain how decomposers supply phosphorus to soil, groundwater, oceans, lakes, ponds, and rivers. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Chapter Assessment Questions CAQ 3

43. The diagram shows how carbon cycles through the environment. Describe how photosynthesis is involved in the carbon cycle. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Chapter Assessment Questions CAQ 5

44. STP 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice A. identifying and classifying various species of insects in an ecosystem B. locating fossils of distinct species of turtles in a geographical area C. observing the relationships that woodpeckers have with other species in their environment D. studying the internal organs of a seal to learn how it survives in its environment In what type of activity would you most expect an ecologist to be involved?

45. STP 2 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D A. commensalism B. competition C. mutualism D. parasitism Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice Certain types of tropical orchids use trees for support in order to grow higher and obtain more light. This neither harms nor benefits the tree. What type of symbiotic relationship is this?

46. STP 3 1.A 2.B Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice If an ecologist finds that the long-tailed weasels have disappeared from the desert community, she should conclude that there will be a decrease in the population of coyotes. A. true B. false

47. STP 4 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice B. It is consumed by snakes. A. It consumes grasshoppers. D. It is a third-level consumer. C. It consumes both grasshoppers and snakes. Why is this mouse classified as an omnivore?

48. STP 5 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D A. decomposition B. denitrification C. nitrification D. nitrogen fixation Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice Which process returns nitrogen to the food web?