1. Hadronic Matter at High Baryon Density Claudia Höhne, GSI Darmstadt

2. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 20102 At the end of this meeting …. … let’s look into the future:

3. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 20103 … near future

4. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 20104 … more distant future

5. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 20105 … more distant future

6. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 20106 Outline Introduction & Motivation QCD phase diagram → high baryon densities! → phase transitions (quarkyonic phase?), CP? high baryon density – hadron gas – phase transition? multistrange hadrons, centrality dependence of K/  ratio, K/  fluctuations, dileptons, charm production CBM experiment at SIS100 and SIS300 feasibility studies detector R&D

7. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 20107 The QCD Phase Diagram [A. Andronic et al., arXiv:0911.4806 ] crossover between hadronic and deconfined phase at low  B and high T freeze-out curve (T,  B ) high precision data from RHIC (and soon LHC) equilibration! phase diagram at high  B ? quarkyonic phase? phase transition(s)? equilibration? critical point/ triple point? need for high precision data including rare probes! A. Andronic et al., Nucl. Phys. A 772, 167 (2006).

8. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 20108 Future explorations complete scan of the QCD phase diagram with modern, 2nd generation experiments on the horizon! 30A GeV RHIC beam energy scan - evolution of medium properties - “turn-off” of established signatures - search for CP and PT NA61 at SPS (2007 acc. by SPSC) - search for CP and PT in energy- system size scan both essentially limited to high yield observables - RHIC: energy dependent FAIR and NICA - new accelerator projects - FAIR: high intensities! → rare probes! Field driven by experimental data!

9. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 20109 Chemical freeze-out: a different view high (net-)baryon and energy densities created in central Au+Au collisions beam energy max.  /  0 max  [GeV/fm 3 ] time span ~FWHM 5 AGeV61.5~ 8 fm/c 40 AGeV12> 10~ 3.5 fm/c [J. Randrup, J. Cleymans PRC74, 047901 (2006)]

10. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201010 Limiting temperature at √s NN ~ 10 GeV chemical freeze-out (fit T,  B, V): temperature saturates for √s NN > 10 GeV although energy density (and initial T) still increases → deconfinement phase boundary reached, additional energy goes into heating the QGP occurs at the same energy at which mesons start to carry the larger part of the entropy [A. Andronic et al., Phys. Lett. B 673 (2009) 142] [H.Oeschler et al., J.Phys.G 32, 223 (2006)] s/T 3 SIS 100 SIS 300 SIS 100 SIS 300

11. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201011 Multistrange Hadrons SIS 100 SIS 300 thermal equilibration also at low energies (high  B ) in particular concerning multistrange hadrons? [A. Andronic et al., Phys. Lett. B 673 (2009) 142]

12. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201012 HADES: Sub-threshold  - production [HADES: PRL103, 132301, (2009)] [HADES: arXiv: 0911.0516] Ar+KCl reactions at 1.76A GeV  - yield by appr. 1 order of magnitude higher than thermal yield strangeness exchange reactions like (Y= ,  ) ?

13. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201013 K/  ratio – centrality dependence K/  ratio in central Pb+Pb (Au+Au) collisions well described by thermal model centrality dependence? [PHENIX, PRC 69 (2004) 034909] [STAR, PRC79 (2009) 034909] high energies: fast rise and saturation behavior well understood in terms of percolation [1] or Core- Corona model [2] [1] CH, F. Pühlhofer, R. Stock, Phys. Lett. B 640 (2006) 96 [2] K.Werner, PRL 98, 152301 (2007)

14. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201014 K/  ratio – centrality dependence lower energies? → same shape of centrality dependence for √s NN > 17 GeV → changing dependence for lower energies?! → relation to hadron rescattering/ freeze out at phase transition? other strangeness carriers – in particular ,  ? [black & red lines: CH, F. Pühlhofer, R. Stock, PLB 640 (2006) 96] [KAOS, JPG 31 (2005) S693] [E802, PRC 60 (1999) 044904] [NA49 preliminary, QM09]

15. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201015 particle ratio fluctuations as sign for 1st order phase transition or CP? no data below 20 AGeV beam energy interpretation of measurements under discussion one suggestion: K/  fluctuations [NA49, Phys.Rev.C79:044910,2009] scaling with Volume (N ch ) or number of K (N K ) in acceptance? → test with centrality dependence!

16. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201016 K/  Fluctuations different scaling for energy and centrality dependences additional contributions from fluctuating cluster sizes/ core-corona contributions?! K/  fluctuations might be dominated by number of kaons [D. Kresan, CPOD 2009, arXiv:0908.2875] NA49 preliminary

17. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201017 Dileptons [CERES: Eur.Phys.J.C 41, 475 (2005)] dileptons as direct probe of the high density phase CERES at 40 and 158 AGeV beam energy: excess higher at lower energy → importance of baryon density! HADES at SIS18: study coupling to baryons! preliminary explains C+C! HADES, arXiv: 0907.3690 – QM09

18. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201018 Charm propagation [HSD: O. Linnyk et al., Int.J.Mod.Phys.E17, 1367 (2008)] [SHM: A. Andronic et al., Phys. Lett. B 659 (2008) 149] Propagation of produced charm quarks in the dense phase – quark like or (pre-)hadron like? charmonium to open charm ratio as indicator – measure both! indications of collectivity? first charm measurements in A+A below 158 AGeV! aim at detailed information including phase space distributions, flow!

19. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201019 CBM @ FAIR + HADES CBM and HADES at SIS 100 and SIS 300 systematic exploration of high baryon density matter in A+A collisions from 2 – 45 AGeV beam energy with 2nd generation experiments explore the QCD phase diagram, chiral symmetry restauration

20. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201020 Module 0: SIS100 Module 1: CBM Cave, APPA hall Module 2: SFRS + R3B Module 3: Anti-proton facility Module 4: Low-E NUSTAR, NESR, FLAIR, APPA-cave Module 5: RESR HADES and CBM startversion at SIS 100

21. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201021  Nuclear equation-of-state: What are the properties and the degrees-of-freedom of nuclear matter at neutron star core densities?  Hadrons in dense matter: What are the in-medium properties of hadrons? Is chiral symmetry restored at very high baryon densities?  Strange matter: Does strange matter exist in the form of heavy multi-strange objects?  Heavy flavor physics: How ist charm produced at low beam energies, and how does it propagate in cold nuclear matter? s s s u u d ? Λ Λ Nuclear matter physics at SIS 100

22. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201022 CBM: Physics topics and Observables Onset of chiral symmetry restoration at high  B in-medium modifications of hadrons ( , ,   e + e - (μ + μ - ), D) Deconfinement phase transition at high  B excitation function and flow of strangeness (K, , , ,  ) excitation function and flow of charm (J/ψ, ψ', D 0, D ,  c ) charmonium suppression, sequential for J/ψ and ψ' ? The equation-of-state at high  B collective flow of hadrons particle production at threshold energies (open charm) QCD critical endpoint excitation function of event-by-event fluctuations (K/π,...) Systematics & precision!! → characterization of the created medium! CBM Physics Book submitted!

23. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201023 Particle multiplicity ∙ branching ratio for min. bias Au+Au collisions at 25 GeV (from HSD and thermal model) SPS Pb+Pb 30 A GeV Particle multiplicities

24. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201024 The CBM experiment tracking, momentum determination, vertex reconstruction: radiation hard silicon pixel/strip detectors (STS) in a magnetic dipole field hadron ID: TOF (& RICH) photons,  0,  : ECAL electron ID: RICH & TRD   suppression  10 4 PSD for event characterization high speed DAQ and trigger → rare probes! muon ID: absorber + detector layer sandwich  move out absorbers for hadron runs RICH TRD TOF ECAL magnet absorber + detectors STS + MVD

25. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201025 STS tracking – heart of CBM Challenge: high track density:  600 charged particles in  25 o @ 10MHz Task track reconstruction: 0.1 GeV/c < p  10-12 GeV/c  p/p ~ 1% (p=1 GeV/c) primary and secondary vertex reconstruction (resolution  50  m) V 0 track pattern recognition c  = 312  m radiation hard and fast silicon pixel and strip detectors self triggered FEE high speed DAQ and trigger online track reconstruction! fast & rad. hard detectors!

26. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201026 Parallelization in CBM Reconstruction ! Vector SIMDMultiThreadingNVIDIA CUDAOpenCL STS++++ MuCh++ RICH++ TRD++ Vertexing+ Open Charm Analysis+ + March 2009 + October 2009 DELL Server with: Core i7/Nehalem24 Core i7/Nehalem 2x(Xeon X5550 4x2.66 GHz, 8 MB L3 cache) 36 GB DDR3-1333 36 GB main memory NVIDIA 2x240 FPUs NVIDIA GTX 295 2x240 FPUs, 1792 MB LRB optional LRB fast event reconstruction is a must for CBM!

27. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201027 CBM feasibility studies feasibility studies performed for all major channels including event reconstruction and semirealistic detector setup J/   di-electronsdi-muons '' '' cc 10 10 events D0D0

28. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201028 Di-electrons at SIS300 pt < 0.2 GeV/c CBM has acceptance for di-electron pairs down to lowest p t and M inv feasibility study for central Au+Au collisions, 25 AGeV, 200k events detected pairs

29. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201029 Feasibility studies for CBM at SIS 100 charm production in pC collisions with 30 GeV/c p-beam! open charm: STS + dipole magnet, TOF charmonium: STS, dipole magnet, reduced muon detector study charm production at threshold, cold nuclear matter effects, reference data for later A+A collisions 4  cut eff = 11.6 % 6 J/ψ recorded in 10 10 events (b=0) (3·10 4 J/ψ per week) J/  →  +  -

30. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201030 Sensor development: double-sided micro-strips, stereo angle 15 o, pitch 60 μm 300 μm thick, bonded to ultra-thin micro-cables, radiation hardness STS in thermal enclosure Detector planes: ultra-light weight ladder structure Prototypes (sensors, electronics, cables for beam tests: Development of the Silicon Tracking System (STS)

31. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201031 D1, D2 tracker boards Q2, Q4, Q6 beam boards D1 + D2 rotation around vertical axis  20 deg STS demonstrators in testbeam @ GSI (Sep ’09) with 4 n-XYTER chips fully reading out one CBM baby detector reference tracking telescope with 3 or 4 stations

32. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201032 Beam spot in Q6 … further analysis ongoing

33. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201033 Monolithic Acitive Pixel Sensors in commercial CMOS process 10  10  m 2 pixels fabricated,  > 99%,  x ~ 1.5 – 2.5  m Micro Vertex Detecor (MVD) Development Artistic view of the MVD mechanical system integration material for cooling! → material budget! vacuum compatibility die thinned to 50  m glued to support. IPHC, Strasbourg (M. Winter et al.)

34. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201034 Sensors for the MVD Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS, also CMOS-Sensors) Invented by industry (digital camera) Modified for charged particle detection since 1999 by IPHC Strasbourg Also foreseen for ILC, STAR… ~ 1 µm MAPS (2009) ~ 0.05% X 0 1.5µm MAPS (2003) ~ 0.1% X 0 Digital camera with 8.2 MPixel – CMOS MAPS Topic Single point resolution Material budget Rad. hard. non-io. Rad. hard. io CBM wish list ~ 5µm few 0.1% X 0 ~10 12 n eq /cm² > 3x10 13 n eq /cm² Time resolution > 1 MRad200 kRad >10 13 n eq /cm² > 3 Mrad ~ 50 µs ~ 1 ms< 30 µs

35. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201035 The MVD-demonstrator test @ CERN (Nov. 2009) First test of MVD demonstrator at CERN-SPS (Nov ’09) two single sided modules operated in coincidence “MVD telescope”, stations can be correlated by time stamps noise of the modules was 25-35 electrons (as expected from lab) data analysis ongoing 4 x MIMOSA-20  4 x 640 x 320 pixel  30 x 30 µm² pixel  Serial analog readout  Vacuum compatible cooling

36. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201036 RICH development develop robust but very efficient and high performant RICH detector based on industrial available components adopt self-triggered readout electronics mirror + mount MAPMT (H8500, Hamamatsu)

37. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201037 Hamamatsu H8500 MAPMT beamtest for RICH @ GSI (Sep ’09) plexiglass radiator for Cherenkov light generation by protons self-triggered readout electronics based on the n-XYTER adopted to the PMT readout (attenuation!): negligible noise level if requiring beam coincidence 3.5 hits/events → single photon counting with self triggered readout! → further analysis ongoing

38. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201038 STS GEM RICH DABC + Go4, Slow Control Trigger S3+S4 CBM beamtest @ GSI (Sep 2009) combined beam time CBM & PANDA 9 days of ~ 2 hours beam per day protons, 2.0 GeV, ~ 10 4 p/s

39. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201039 DAQ in September 2009 Test Beam system test! self-triggered FEE for all detectors, event building based on time stamps

40. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201040 CBM@FAIR – high  B, moderate T: exploration of QCD phase diagram at high baryon densities at SIS 100 and SIS 300 (2-45 AGeV beam energy) together with HADES unique possibility of characterizing properties of baryon dense matter implementation of increasingly realistic detector response in simulations, parallelization of event reconstruction, first physics performance studies detector R&D ongoing several beamtests in 2009: RPC STS, GEM, RICH MVD Summary [A. Andronic et al., arXiv:0911.4806 ]

41. Claudia Höhne Strongly Interacting Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hirschegg 201041 CBM collaboration Russia: IHEP Protvino INR Troitzk ITEP Moscow KRI, St. Petersburg China: Tsinghua Univ., Beijing CCNU Wuhan USTC Hefei Croatia: University of Split RBI, Zagreb Portugal: LIP Coimbra Romania: NIPNE Bucharest Bucharest University Poland: Krakow Univ. Warsaw Univ. Silesia Univ. Katowice Nucl. Phys. Inst. Krakow Ukraine: INR, Kiev Shevchenko Univ., Kiev Univ. Mannheim Univ. Münster FZ Rossendorf GSI Darmstadt Univ. Wuppertal Czech Republic: CAS, Rez Techn. Univ. Prague Germany: Univ. Heidelberg, Phys. Inst. Univ. HD, Kirchhoff Inst. Univ. Frankfurt Hungaria: KFKI Budapest Eötvös Univ. Budapest India: Aligarh Muslim Univ., Aligarh IOP Bhubaneswar Panjab Univ., Chandigarh Gauhati Univ., Guwahati Univ. Rajasthan, Jaipur Univ. Jammu, Jammu IIT Kharagpur SAHA Kolkata Univ Calcutta, Kolkata VECC Kolkata Univ. Kashmir, Srinagar Banaras Hindu Univ., Varanasi Norway: Univ. Bergen Kurchatov Inst. Moscow LHE, JINR Dubna LPP, JINR Dubna Cyprus: Nikosia Univ. 56 institutions, > 400 membersSplit, Oct 2009 LIT, JINR Dubna MEPHI Moscow Obninsk State Univ. PNPI Gatchina SINP, Moscow State Univ. St. Petersburg Polytec. U. Korea: Korea Univ. Seoul Pusan National Univ. France: IPHC Strasbourg