1. The Scaffolding Process Example:  AP Bio Essay on Osmosis & Diffusion 1992 - Question # 1  What do students need to know to get to this point?  What labs in earlier grades would lay the foundation for answering this question?

2. AP Bio Osmosis & Diffussion Lab Which molecules have moved where & WHY Part 1

3. AP Bio Osmosis & Diffussion Lab At what molarity is dynamic equalibrium reached? Part 2

4. Part 3 AP Bio Osmosis & Diffussion Lab What is the osmotic potential of the sucrose solution? What is the potato’s molarity? Explain your results using the concept of free energy = - I C R T where I = the ionization constant (for sucrose this is 1 because sucrose does not ionize in water); C = osmotic molar concentration R = pressure constant T = temperature  K Graph the results with a “best- fit” line

5. The Scaffolding Process 2.Read the California Science Standard for Investigation and Experimentation: “Science as a Process.”  What would labs look like in earlier grades that would lay the foundation for proficiency?

6.  Science relies on reproducible observations  Hypotheses provide models to explain observations  Hypotheses are created w/creativity & insight  Differences between observed & expected observations detect flaws in hypotheses  Data that agree with predictions DO NOT PROVE a hypothesis: they only fail to disprove it. Students should explore & comprehend: California Standard: Science as a Process

7. Grow & measure plants; measure daily temp Become skilled with basic lab equipment Design simple experiments, collect data, collaborate & analyze results Measure masses and volume of substances Make data tables and graphs, including “best fit” lines Use graphs to interpolate & predict Foundation Level Examples California Standard: Science as a Process

8. Generate data by measuring pressure vs. volume of a gas Calculate spring constant of an inertial balance from relationship between its period as mass Measure O 2 consumption by animals at different temps vs. DO 2 at different levels of a lake Intermediate Level Examples California Standard: Science as a Process

9. Generate data by measuring Cl 2 content of seawater via titration of AgNO 3 Find the total charge in a capacitor by integrating current passed through as a function of time Determine the action spectrum of photosyn or % transmittance from pooled class data Analyze human pop growth vs. time for the past century Advanced Level Examples California Standard: Science as a Process