1. Chapter 19 the conductive pathway of nervous system
the sensory conductive pathway
the motor conductive pathway
the chemical pathway of nervous system

2. The reflex path was referred to the conductive path of preceding or descending without via cerebral cortex.
conscious
nonconscious
trunk、four limbs
Head and facial part
Conductive pathway of
proprioceptive sense
The conductive pathway of sensation of pain and warm, thick touch sensation and ressure sense
Trunk, four limbs
Head and facial part
Sensory（preceding）conductive pathway
Visual conductive pathway and pupillary light reflex
Auditory conductive pathway
Conductive pathway of equilibratory sensation
General visceral sence
Special visceral sense
Conductive pathway of visceral sense
corticospinal tract
corticonuclear tract
pyramidal tract
Motor（descending）conductive pathway
cortical substance－neostriatum－dorsal thalamus －circuit loop of cortex
neostriatum－circuit of black substance
pallidum－circuit loop of subthalamus
cortex －bridge of varolius－cerebellum－circuit of cortex
Extracorticospinal
tract

3. The sensory conductive pathway
conductive pathway of proprioceptive sense
the conductive pathway of conscious proprioceptive sense of trunk and four limbs and fine touch
peripheral process ①
Muscle, tendon, joint, skin
central process
spinal ganglia
Goll's column
Burdach's fibers
spinal nerve ③ ②
gracile nucleus
Burdach's nucleus
bulbar lemniscus of opposite side
ventral posterolateral nucleus of dorsal thalamus
posterior limb of internal capsule
all parts of brainstem
The middle and superior part of posterior central gyrus
The posterior part of paracentral lobule

4. （二）The conductive pathway of unconscious proprioceptive sense in trunk and four limbs
The proprioceptor of muscle, tendon, and joint
the medial part of radix posterior
spinal cord
C8～L2segment of
thoracic nucleus
the lateral part of the 5th to 7th of
lumbosacral enlargement
funiculus lateralis medullae spinalis of homonymy
fiber of second class
posterior spinocerebellar tract
anterior spinocerebellar tract of opposite side and ipsolateral
inferior cerebellar peduncle
superior cerebellar peduncle
cortex of palaeocerebellum
cortex of palaeocerebellum

5. The superficial sensory pathway
The superficial sensory pathway of trunk and limbs ② ①
peripheral
process
central process
spinothalamic tract
of opposite side
spinal cordⅠ、
Ⅳ～Ⅶ layer
skin
spinal ganglia
spinal nerve
ascends 1 to 2 segment ③
posterior limb of
internal capsule
spinal lemniscus
ventral posterolateral nucleus of dorsal thalamus
the middle and superior part of posterior central gyrus
the posterior part of paracentral lobule
all parts of brain stem
（二） The superficial sensory pathway of head and face ② ①
peripheral
process
central
process
trigeminal
lemniscus
spinal nucleus of
trigeminal nerve
pontine nucleus of
skin and
mucosa
trigeminal ganglion
trigeminal nerves ③
posterior limb of
internal capsule
posteromedial nucleus of
dorsal thalamusventral
the inferior part of posterior central gyrus

7. visual pathway and pupillary light reflex pathway① ②
visual cone
rod
optic nerve
bipolar neuron
nodal cell
posterior limb of internal capsule
chiasm opticum
visual tract
external
geniculate body
the two sides of
calcarine fissure
optic radiation ③
In the chiasm opticum, the fiber derived from retina of two eyes’ nasal side intersect, while the temple side ones don’t intersect.

8. The damaging of conductive pathway in different position can induce different visual filed defect:
①The injury of retina can induce visual field defect, which is related to the position and scope of injury;
②The optic nerve injury of ones side can induce absolute blindness of this eye；
③The lesion of decussating fiber of chiasm opticum can induce the half blindness in temple side of binocular visual field；
④the lesion of non-decussating fiber of chiasm opticum’s lateral part can induce the half blindness in nasal side of binocular visual field;
⑤the lesion of visual tract in one side can induce homonymous hemianopsia of opposite side.

9. The pupillary light reflex pathway
The route of pupillary light reflex：
direct light reflex
indirect light reflex
retina→optic nerve→chiasm opticum→
the visual tract of two sides→brachium of superior colliculus→pretectal area→
accessory nucleus of oculomotor nerve of two sides
→oculomotor nerve→
ciliary ganglion
→postganglionic fibre
→pupil sphincter muscle→the contraction of two pupils

10. the injury of oculomotor nerve the injury of optic nerve
The pupillary light reflex representation of injury in different position
exist
（+）
loss
（—）
the injury of oculomotor nerve
loss（—）
the injury of optic nerve
indirect light reflex
direct light reflex
healthy eye
ill eye

11. The auditory pathway organ of Corti →bipolar cell (exchange neuron）
→cochlear nerve
→ventral cochlear nucleusdorsal and cochlear nucleus (exchange neuron）
→trapezoid body of pons overlaps to the opposite side
→lateral lemniscus
→the dorsi-lateral part of tegmentum of midbrain
→inferior colliculus (exchange neuron）
→brachium of inferior colliculus
→medial geniculate body (exchange neuron） →acoustic radiation
→posterior limb of internal capsule
→transverse temporal gyri of auditory field in cerebral cortex
The auditory impulsion is conducing of two sides. If one side path above lateral lemniscus is damaged, the obvious symptom wouldn’t happen. But if the cochlear nerve, internal ear or middle ear is damaged, auditory handicap will be induced.

12. Motor pathways Upper motor neurons Lower motor neurons
final common path
pyramidal system
cranial nerve motor nucleus
corticonuclear tract
pyramidal tract
somatic motor area of cerebral cortex
pyramidal cell
corticospinal tract
anterior horn of spinal cord motor neuron
pyramidal tract
The giant pyramidal cell of paracentral lobule’s anterior part and precentral gyrus and the pyramidal cells of other type as well as the axon of pyramidal cell which lie at the frontal lobe and apical lobe constitute pyramidal tract.

13. corticospinal tract ① ② posterior limb of internal capsule
the middle and superior part of anterior central gyrus
the anterior part of paracentral lobule
pyramidal cell
medulla oblongata
lateral corticospinal tract
midbrain, pons
anterior corticospinal tract ②
anterior horn motor neuron
spinal nerve
trunk muscle, limbs muscle

14. （inferior part of anterior central gyrus）
corticonuclear tract ①
corticonuclear tract
pyramidal cell
（inferior part of anterior central gyrus）
knee of internal capsule
nucleus of oculomotor nerve
nucleus of trochlear nerve
nucleus of abducent nerve
motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve
the superior part of nucleus of facial nerve
nucleus ambiguus
accessory nucleus ②
extraocular muscles
masseter muscle
facial muscles（frontal muscle、orbicularis muscle)
laryngeal muscle
sternocleidomastoid
trapezius

15. supranuclear paralysis of facial nerve
the inferior half of facial nucleus → cheek muscle、orbicularis oris
nucleus of hypoglossal nerve→ lingual muscle
only recept the corticonuclear
tract fiber of opposite side
supranuclear paralysis of facial nerve
infranuclear paralysis of facial nerve
supranuclear paralysis of hypoglossal nerve
infranuclear paralysis of hypoglossal nerve

16. The principal injury representation of upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons

17. extrapyramidal system
It is referred to the influence outside of pyramidal system and all the conductive pathways controlling body movement. Its structure is very complex, which includes cerebral cortex, striate body, dorsal thalamus, red nucleus, substantia nigra，vestibular nucleus, cerebellum and so on.
The main functions of the extrapyramidal system in man are to regulate the tonicity of the muscles, coordinate the muscular activities, maintain the normal body posture and produce habitual and rhythmic movements.

18. The extrapyramidal system concludes the following four circuits:
cortex－neostriatum－dorsal thalamus－cortex
neostriatum－substantia nigra
corticoponto－cerebellar－cortex
globus pallidus－subthalamus