1. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Enterprise Development Using Visual Basic 6.0 Autumn 2002 Tirgul #3

2. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Short Quiz Write a simple Function that receives a String and returns its length Write a Simple Function that receive an Integer, if it is negative, returns a String with error message, otherwise returns the Integer as a String

3. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Objectives Parameters passing Getting Deeper –If – Then – Else –Case –Loops Arrays –Dimension arrays correctly –Recognize the default values of array elements –Access array items by subscript or all elements in a loop –Use parallel arrays for storage of related lists of items –Use list boxes for displaying choices –Use 2-D arrays

4. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Review: important concepts Remember to plan your programs (algorithm) before starting to write the code! (80:20) Use procedures and functions –parameters must be carefully set –Use ByRef and ByVal Fundamental Structures: –Sequence, Selection, and Iteration

5. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Parameter Passing By default, variables are passed ByRef –called procedure uses same memory location for the variable –assigns a new name for that location, uses that name within the procedure –contents of this location may be changed Sub Add_And_Change (ByRef x as Single, ByRef y as Single) x = x + y End Sub

6. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Parameter passing Parameters can also be passed ByVal –called procedure sets up new memory locations –value of parameter is copied into the new locations –changes do not affect original variable Sub Add_And_Print (ByVal x as Single, ByVal y as Single) x = x + y picOut.print x End Sub

7. Example What will be printed out? What if we called Sample2 (b, a) ? Sub Sample1 (ByRef x as Single, ByRef y as Single) x = x - y picOut x, y End Sub Sub Sample2 (ByVal x as Single, ByVal y as Single) x = x - y picOut x, y End Sub Sub cmdCompute Dim a, b as Single a = 2 b = 3 Sample2 (a, b) picOut1.Print a, b Sample1 (a, b) picOut.Print a, b End Sub

8. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Nested IF statements If condition1 Then If condition2 Then statement1 End If Else statement2 End if

9. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Example If Grade >= 90 Then txtLetterGrade.Text = “ A ” Else If Grade >=80 Then txtLetterGrade.Text = “ B ” Else txtLetterGrade.Text = “ C ” End If

10. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Example If Income >= 40000 Then If Status = “ Single ” Then TaxRate = 0.33 ElseIf Status = “ Married ” Then TaxRate = 0.25 End If Else sTaxRate =.15 End If Less end if’s

11. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 If statement summary VB is sensitive at design-time and run- time Indentation! Use if… Then Use end if Use elseif Sub Sample_if () If a = b then … End if End Sub Sub Sample_if2 () If a = b then … elseif … End if End Sub Sub Sample_if2 () If a = b then … else if a > b then … end if End if End Sub

12. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Select Case Structure Multiple IF statements can be replaced by more readable Select CASE statements Select Case selector Case valueList1 action1 Case valueList2 action 2 … Case Else if no other match End Select u valueList options: Case 1 Case 2 to 5 Case 6, 9 Case “text” Case Is >= 10

13. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Example Select case AccessCode case is < 1000 message = “ Access Denied ” case 1465 To 1689 message = “ Technical Personal ” case 999898, 10000006 To 10000008 message = “ Scientific Personal “ case Else message = “ Access Denied ” End Select

14. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Case statement summary Use String/Integer type When using String pay attention to content! Don’t forget default

15. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Do / Loops Format 2: Do loop body Loop {While | Until} Condition Format 1: Do {While | Until} Condition loop body Loop Loop body executes while the condition is true or until the condition is true The first form uses a pretest, the second uses a posttest. With a pretest, loop may not execute at all. With a posttest, loop always executes at least once.

16. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Do While Example Do While sTotal < 25 sNum = Val(Inputbox(“Enter a number”)) If sNum > 0 then sTotal = sTotal + sqr(sNum) End If Loop

17. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Choosing Loop Type For..Next loop should be used when you know the number of loops Do..While is used when you do not know in advance the number of iteration. –Examples You want to get user input until she hits the escape button You want your server to keep listening for request until it receives a shut down message.

18. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Loops summary For – next While – wend Do – while Common mistakes –Stop condition –Increment Exit loop Do For I = 1 To 1000 MyNum = Int(Rnd * 100) Select Case MyNum Case 7: Exit For Case 29: Exit Do Case 54: Exit Sub End Select Next I Loop While true … index = index +1 Wend Danger

19. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Arrays Array – Set of elements of the same type indexed in a data structure Each array object is called an element Each element is identified with an Index

20. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Why use arrays? Often, all data must be read in and stored for future use. Not always possible to get each value and process it, it is better to get all data, store it in an array and process it Use of data structures is preferred and unavoidable.

21. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Declaration Array name - identifier Array type – type of elements in the array Array range – how many elements class(1)class(30) Dim class(1 to 10) as students

22. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Subscripts Recall – Array starts at 1 BUT: Array of size 25 subscripts may be constants, variables, or numeric expressions Use Constants!!! Dim GradeArr(MAX_STUDENTS) as Single Dim GradeArr(0 to 29) as Single

23. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Array Value set Dim GradeArr(1 to MAX_STUDENTS) as Single GradeArr(1) = 95 for index = 2 to 10 GradeArr(index) = 100 next index GradeArr(11) = (sGrade(1) + sGrade(2) )/2 GradeArr(30) = ?

24. ‘Tirgul’ # 324 Array bounds Ubound, Lbound will return the array declared size (NOT elements) To prevent errors, check Ubound for highest index Common use to iterate the array: for index = Lbound(GradeArr) to Ubound(GradeArr) … next index

25. ‘Tirgul’ # 325 Declaring Dynamic Array An Array declaration at the module level – No memory location yet: Memory allocation at sub/function level: Dim DBConnections() as Connection Public DBRecordSet() as RecordSet Sub openConnection ()... ReDim DBConnections(1 To MAX_CONNECTIONS) End sub

26. ‘Tirgul’ # 326 Redim Resizing an existing array Procedure level allocation Deallocate memory (free memory) Array values are lost at Redim! Use preserve to keep old values ReDim preserve newArray(MAX_ARRAY_SIZE + 1) Redim array(0)

27. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 For Each…Next Statement Use For Each…Next Iteration to iterate al array elements Use variant type variable if you don’t know element type. Dim day as Variant For each day in week print day Next day

28. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Split - Join Split – Namely split a String to the array Join – Namely create a String from array dim wordsArr()as String dim Sentence as string Sentence = “ good morning ” wordsArr = Split(Sentence, “ “ ) Sentence = join(wordsArr, “ “ ) 1 2 Good Morning wordsArr Sentence “ good morning ” Delimiter

29. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Two-Dimensional Arrays Think of a table structure use two indexes –row index –column index all elements must be of the same type

30. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Examples Dim iArray (1 to 2, 1 to 5) as Integer array of 2 rows and 5 columns Col Row

31. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Accessing Array Elements iArray (1, 2) = 10 iArray (2, 5) = iArray(1, 4) + iArray(1, 5) I = 7 : J = 5 sGrades (I, J) = 93 x = 1 : y = 2 iArray (1, x + y) = 15

32. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Practical - Combo Boxes Combo box represent a list of items to select from. Items can be specified during Design/Run time Uses: –Inset Item –Delete Item –Get selected Item

33. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Code sample for Combo Box ListIndex represents the selected Index Text represents the item String value Remove selected item Add items to list cmbDays.RemoveItem cmbDays.ListIndex cmbDays.AddItem “ Sunday ” Debug.print cmbDays.text

34. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Using Combo Boxes As an Array Combo box is an array controlled by VB Count – combobox.ListCount Add/Remove operations Lists start at 0, array at 1

35. ‘Tirgul’ # 3 Controls array In a from, you can group elements –Tab, Option button… Useful when having lots of controls Notation: Design time –Copy/Paste in the form –setting index Option(0), Option(1)