1. HISTORY OF NETWORKS Early communication networks only allowed communications between the stations on the local network Connected to “central” mainframe Computer Even Mini Computers under Unix had ports for “terminals”

2. 1960 J.C.R. Licklider Some networks had gateways or bridges between them these bridges were limited or built specifically for a single use J.C.R. Licklider, pioneer in the call for a global network in his January 1960 paper – “Man-Computer Symbiosis”

3. "A network of such [computers], connected to one another by wide-band communication lines [which provide] the functions of present-day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and [other] symbiotic functions."

4. 1962, J.C.R. Licklider appointed head of the United States Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) formed an informal group within DARPA identified need for inter-networking formed the idea of ARPAnet

5. Packet switching Main problem in internetworking - connecting separate physical networks to form one logical network In 1960s Kleinrock, Baran & Davies Independently conceptualized & developed network systems using datagrams or “Packets” Several packet-switched networking solutions developed in the late 1960s and 1970s

6. The first ARPANET link established between the University of California, Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Institute on 22:30 hours on October 29, 1969 By 1981, the number of hosts had grown to 213 A new host was being added approximately every twenty days ARPANET became the technical core of “the Internet”

7. ARPANET development was centered around the Request for Comments (RFC) processes Still used today for proposing and distributing Internet Protocols and Systems RFC 1, entitled "Host Software", was written by Steve Crocker from the University of California, Los Angeles and published on April 7, 1969

8. X.25 Based on ARPA's research, packet switching network standards were developed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Called X.25 and related standards First approved in March 1976 Britain, Europe & Australia used International Packet Switched Service (IPSS) finalised in 1978 Popular worldwide by 1990

9. EARLY “WEBS” Compuserve, Telnet examples of its implementation Another popular one was AOL (Americaonline) Offered Chat & BBS (Bulletin Board Services) Also entertainment

10. INTERNET PROTOCOL SUITE Disjointed separate networks, served only by limited gateways Application of packet switching to develop a protocol for internetworking To join multiple different networks - a super-framework of networks By defining a common network system Conceptual network could be separated from physical implementation

11. GLOBAL NETWORK The idea that is now called the Internet Based on standardized protocols Officially implemented in 1982 Adoption and interconnection quickly Advanced telecommunication networks of the western world helped Then began to penetrate into the rest of the world Became the de-facto international standard

12. The Internet The term "internet" was adopted in the first RFC published on the TCP protocol (RFC 675: Internet Transmission Control Program, December 1974) Abbreviation of the term Internetworking In general, an internet was any network using TCP/IP

13. Opening the network to commerce The interest in commercial use of the Internet became a hotly debated topic Although commercial use was forbidden, the exact definition of commercial use could be unclear and subjective. UUCPNet and the X.25 IPSS had no such restrictions

14. NIC & IANA The first central authority to coordinate the operation of the Internet was the Network Information Centre (NIC) at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) In 1972, management of these issues was given to the newly created Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

15. Domain Name System Created by Paul Mockapetris Defense Data Network Network Information Center (DDN-NIC) at SRI handled: 1. registration services 2. top-level domains of.mil, gov,.edu,.org,.net,.com and.us 3. root nameserver administration 4. Internet number assignments

16. Internet Engineering Task Force IETF started in January 1985 Quarterly meeting of U.S. government funded researchers. Non-government vendors invited with the fourth IETF meeting in October In 1992, Internet Society, a professional membership society formed IETF transferred to operation under it independent international standards body

17. EXIT DEFENSE DEPTT. By 1990’s, most of the Internet Became “non-military” Department of Defense not to fund registration services except.mil In 1993 the U.S. National Science Foundation created “InterNIC” to manage 1. allocations of addresses 2. management of address databases

18. From gopher to the WWW By early 1990s, increasing need to find and organize files Gopher & FTP Archive list attempted to create ways to organize distributed data Gopher menu items used of hypertext Gopher first commonly-used hypertext interface on the Internet

19. HYPERTEXT The technology inspired by Vannevar Bush's "Memex” Developed through Ted Nelson's research on Project Xanadu Many small self-contained hypertext systems had been created E.g. Apple Computer's HyperCard.

20. WWW In 1989 Tim Berners-Lee invented a network-based implementation of hypertext This became the World Wide Web One early popular web browser, modeled after HyperCard, was ViolaWWW For his work in developing the World Wide Web, Berners-Lee received the Millennium technology prize in 2004.

21. MOSAIC In 1993, a graphical browser developed by a team led by Marc Andreessen of National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois Called the Mosaic web browser A turning point for the World Wide Web

22. INTERNET EXPLORER Mosaic's graphical interface became more popular than text-based Gopher WWW became the preferred interface for accessing the Internet Mosaic was displaced,in 1994 by Andreessen's Netscape Navigator as the world's most popular browser Eventually competition from Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chromea have completely displaced it