1. Lane Departures By: Deborah S. McAvoy, M.S., P.E., PTOE Tapan K. Datta, Ph.D., P.E.

2. Lane Departures What are Lane Departures? What are Lane Departures? Vehicles leaving their designated lane Vehicles leaving their designated lane Crossing the Centerline Crossing the Centerline Leaving the Roadway Leaving the Roadway Where do Lane Departures Occur? Where do Lane Departures Occur? Low Traffic Volumes Low Traffic Volumes High Travel Speeds High Travel Speeds Rural Highways and Roadways Rural Highways and Roadways

3. Lane Departures Why do Lane Departures Occur? Why do Lane Departures Occur? Distracted Driving Distracted Driving Driver Fatigue Driver Fatigue Driver Drowsiness or Falling Asleep Driver Drowsiness or Falling Asleep Driving Under the Influence Driving Under the Influence

4. Distracted Driving National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates 25% of all crashes involve driver distraction National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates 25% of all crashes involve driver distraction Distracted Driving Distracted Driving Drivers concentrate on something other than operating their vehicles Drivers concentrate on something other than operating their vehicles

5. Distracted Driving Physical Distractions Physical Distractions Searching for music on the radio Searching for music on the radio Changing CD’s Changing CD’s Talking on a cell phone Talking on a cell phone Drinking/eating Drinking/eating Reading while driving Reading while driving Talking to passengers/children Talking to passengers/children

6. Distracted Driving Cognitive Distractions Cognitive Distractions Gazing out the window Gazing out the window Wandering thoughts Wandering thoughts Road Rage Road Rage Aggressive mood Aggressive mood Boredom Boredom Fatigue Fatigue

7. Drowsy/Fatigued Driving NHTSA estimates falling asleep is responsible for : NHTSA estimates falling asleep is responsible for : 100,000 crashes per year 100,000 crashes per year 40,000 injuries per year 40,000 injuries per year 1,550 fatalities per year 1,550 fatalities per year

8. Drowsy/Fatigued Driving Characteristics Characteristics Late night/early morning or mid-afternoon crashes Late night/early morning or mid-afternoon crashes Crash is likely to be serious Crash is likely to be serious Involves a single vehicle leaving the roadway Involves a single vehicle leaving the roadway Crash occurs on a high-speed roadway Crash occurs on a high-speed roadway The driver does not attempt to avoid the crash The driver does not attempt to avoid the crash The driver is alone The driver is alone

9. US-2 Road Safety Audit Sponsored by OHSP Sponsored by OHSP Conducted by Wayne State University- Transportation Research Group Summer of 2005 Conducted by Wayne State University- Transportation Research Group Summer of 2005 Limited Scope Limited Scope Crash Analysis Crash Analysis

10. US-2 One of two main east-west routes in the UP One of two main east-west routes in the UP Located along the northern shore of Lake Michigan Located along the northern shore of Lake Michigan Highly Scenic Route Highly Scenic Route Passes through several recreational areas Passes through several recreational areas High percentage of Recreational Vehicles and Commercial Trucks High percentage of Recreational Vehicles and Commercial Trucks

11. US-2 Project US-2 Study Area, Crystal Falls to St. Ignace

12. US-2 Crash Analysis Preliminary Crash Analysis Preliminary Crash Analysis Detailed Crash Analysis of high-crash segments Detailed Crash Analysis of high-crash segments Corridor Crash Analysis Corridor Crash Analysis High Deer Crash Locations High Deer Crash Locations Speeding Related Crash Locations Speeding Related Crash Locations Run-off-the-Road Crash Locations Run-off-the-Road Crash Locations

13. US-2 Speed Studies

14. US-2 Speed Studies Commercial Vehicles

15. US-2 Crash Analysis Focus Segment Crash Location Map Focus Segment Crash Location Map SV = Single Vehicle Crash HO = Head-on Crash RE = Rear-end Crash

16. US-2 Crash Trends Yearly Crash Trends along US-2 (2001-2003) Yearly Crash Trends along US-2 (2001-2003)

17. Monthly Variation of Crashes along US-2 (2001-2003)

18. Time of Day Variation of Crashes along US-2 (2001-2003) Property Damage Only – Run-off-the-Road Crashes Injury and Fatal Crashes

19. Light Condition Variation of Crashes along US-2 (2001-2003) Property Damage Only – Run-off-the-Road Crashes Injury and Fatal Crashes

20. Road Condition Variation of Crashes along US-2 (2001-2003) Property Damage Only – Run-off-the-Road Crashes Injury and Fatal Crashes

21. Involving Drivers Under the Influence of Alcohol (1999-2003) Annual Trend of Crashes along US-2 (2001-2003) Speeding-Related Crashes (1999-2003)

22. Involving Unbelted Drivers (1999-2003) Annual Trend of Crashes along US-2 (2001-2003) Deer-Related Crashes (1999-2003)

23. Type of crashes along US-2 (2001-2003)

24. Crash Causation along US-2 Detailed analysis of the 848 fatal crashes, injury crashes and PDO-ROR crashes (2001- 2003) Detailed analysis of the 848 fatal crashes, injury crashes and PDO-ROR crashes (2001- 2003)

25. Lost Control Crashes Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions 191 Crashes 191 Crashes 71.5% 71.5% Wet Road Conditions Wet Road Conditions 41 Crashes 41 Crashes 15.4% 15.4% Dry Road Conditions Dry Road Conditions 33 Crashes 33 Crashes 12.4% 12.4%

26. Lost Control Crashes Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions 163 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes 163 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes 7 Type A Injury 7 Type A Injury 12 Type B Injury 12 Type B Injury 28 Type C Injury 28 Type C Injury 9 Head-On ROR Crashes 9 Head-On ROR Crashes 3 Fatal Crashes 3 Fatal Crashes 1 Type A Injury 1 Type A Injury 1 Type B Injury 1 Type B Injury 1 Type C Injury 1 Type C Injury

27. Lost Control Crashes Wet Road Conditions Wet Road Conditions 32 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes 32 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes 3 Type A Injury 3 Type A Injury 7 Type C Injury 7 Type C Injury 3 Head-On ROR Crashes 3 Head-On ROR Crashes 2 Type A Injury 2 Type A Injury

28. Lost Control Crashes Dry Road Conditions Dry Road Conditions 25 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes 25 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes 3 Type A Injury 3 Type A Injury 3 Type B Injury 3 Type B Injury 2 Type C Injury 2 Type C Injury 5 Sideswipe Crashes 5 Sideswipe Crashes 1 Type A Injury 1 Type A Injury 1 Type C Injury 1 Type C Injury 2 Head-On ROR Crashes 2 Head-On ROR Crashes 1 Fatal Crash 1 Fatal Crash 1 Type C Injury 1 Type C Injury

29. Failed to Yield Crashes Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions 7 Crashes 7 Crashes 4.7% 4.7% Wet Road Conditions Wet Road Conditions 29 Crashes 29 Crashes 19.5% 19.5% Dry Road Conditions Dry Road Conditions 113 Crashes 113 Crashes 75.8% 75.8%

30. Failed to Yield Crashes Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions 5 Angle (2 ROR) 5 Angle (2 ROR) 2 Type A Injury 2 Type A Injury 2 Type C Injury 2 Type C Injury 1 Rear-End 1 Rear-End 1 Type C Injury 1 Type C Injury

31. Failed to Yield Crashes Wet Road Conditions Wet Road Conditions 17 Angle Crashes (7 ROR) 17 Angle Crashes (7 ROR) 1 Fatal Crash (ROR) 1 Fatal Crash (ROR) 4 Type A Injury 4 Type A Injury 5 Type B Injury 5 Type B Injury 4 Type C Injury 4 Type C Injury 4 Head-On Crashes (1 ROR) 4 Head-On Crashes (1 ROR) 2 Type B Injury 2 Type B Injury 1 Type C Injury 1 Type C Injury 4 Rear-End Crashes (1 ROR) 4 Rear-End Crashes (1 ROR) 2 Type B Injury 2 Type B Injury 1 Type C Injury 1 Type C Injury

32. Failed to Yield Crashes Dry Road Conditions Dry Road Conditions 72 Angle Crashes (22 ROR) 72 Angle Crashes (22 ROR) 4 Fatal Crashes 4 Fatal Crashes 15 Type A Injury 15 Type A Injury 13 Type B Injury 13 Type B Injury 33 Type C Injury 33 Type C Injury 12 Head-on Crashes (1 ROR) 12 Head-on Crashes (1 ROR) 1 Type A Injury (ROR) 1 Type A Injury (ROR) 2 Type B Injury 2 Type B Injury 6 Type C Injury 6 Type C Injury 9 Single Vehicle Crashes (6 ROR ) 9 Single Vehicle Crashes (6 ROR ) 2 Type B Injury 2 Type B Injury 4 Type C Injury 4 Type C Injury

33. Unable to Stop Crashes Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions 17 Crashes 17 Crashes 13.3% 13.3% Wet Road Conditions Wet Road Conditions 40 Crashes 40 Crashes 31.3% 31.3% Dry Road Conditions Dry Road Conditions 71 Crashes 71 Crashes 55.5% 55.5%

34. Unable to Stop Crashes Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions 7 Rear-End Crashes (3 ROR) 7 Rear-End Crashes (3 ROR) 5 Type C Injury 5 Type C Injury 4 Angle Crashes (3 ROR) 4 Angle Crashes (3 ROR) 1 Type B Injury 1 Type B Injury 1 Type C Injury 1 Type C Injury

35. Unable to Stop Crashes Wet Road Conditions Wet Road Conditions 32 Rear-end Crashes (6 ROR) 32 Rear-end Crashes (6 ROR) 5 Type B Injury 5 Type B Injury 24 Type C Injury 24 Type C Injury 5 Angle Crashes (1 ROR) 5 Angle Crashes (1 ROR) 1 Fatal Crash (ROR) 1 Fatal Crash (ROR) 1 Type B Injury 1 Type B Injury 3 Type C Injury 3 Type C Injury 2 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes 2 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes 1 Type A Injury 1 Type A Injury

36. Unable to Stop Crashes Dry Road Conditions Dry Road Conditions 54 Rear-end Crashes (3 ROR) 54 Rear-end Crashes (3 ROR) 3 Type A 3 Type A 8 Type B 8 Type B 43 Type C 43 Type C 6 Single Vehicle Crashes (5 ROR) 6 Single Vehicle Crashes (5 ROR) 1 Type B 1 Type B 3 Type C 3 Type C

37. Driver Fell Asleep Crashes Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions 3 Crashes 3 Crashes 4.5% 4.5% Wet Road Conditions Wet Road Conditions 14 Crashes 14 Crashes 20.9% 20.9% Dry Road Conditions Dry Road Conditions 49 Crashes 49 Crashes 73.1% 73.1%

38. Driver Fell Asleep Crashes Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions 2 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes 2 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes 2 Type B Injury 2 Type B Injury 1 Sideswipe ROR Crash 1 Sideswipe ROR Crash 1 Type A Injury 1 Type A Injury

39. Driver Fell Asleep Crashes Wet Road Conditions Wet Road Conditions 13 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes 13 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes 2 Type A Injury 2 Type A Injury 2 Type B Injury 2 Type B Injury 2 Type C Injury 2 Type C Injury 1 Head-on Crash 1 Head-on Crash 1 Fatal Crash 1 Fatal Crash

40. Driver Fell Asleep Crashes Dry Road Conditions Dry Road Conditions 42 Single Vehicle Crashes (41 ROR) 42 Single Vehicle Crashes (41 ROR) 4 Type A Injury 4 Type A Injury 9 Type B Injury 9 Type B Injury 7 Type C Injury 7 Type C Injury 3 Head-on ROR Crashes 3 Head-on ROR Crashes 2 Fatal Crashes 2 Fatal Crashes 1 Type B Injury 1 Type B Injury 1 Sideswipe-Opposite ROR Crash – Fatal Crash 1 Sideswipe-Opposite ROR Crash – Fatal Crash 1 Angle ROR Crash – Type B Injury 1 Angle ROR Crash – Type B Injury 1 Rear-end Crash – Type C Injury 1 Rear-end Crash – Type C Injury

41. Driver Fell Asleep Crashes Time of Day Crash Occurred Time of Day Crash Occurred 6 am – 9 am 6 am – 9 am 13 Crashes 13 Crashes 19.4% 19.4% 9 am – 3 pm 9 am – 3 pm 23 Crashes 23 Crashes 34.3% 34.3% 3 pm – 7 pm 3 pm – 7 pm 8 Crashes 8 Crashes 11.9% 11.9% 7 pm – 6 am 7 pm – 6 am 2 Crashes 2 Crashes 3.0% 3.0%

42. Distracted Driver Crashes Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions 6 Crashes 6 Crashes 10.7% 10.7% Wet Road Conditions Wet Road Conditions 7 Crashes 7 Crashes 12.5% 12.5% Dry Road Conditions Dry Road Conditions 43 Crashes 43 Crashes 76.8% 76.8%

43. Distracted Driver Crashes Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions 2 Sideswipe Crashes (1 ROR) 2 Sideswipe Crashes (1 ROR) 1 Type B Injury (ROR) 1 Type B Injury (ROR) 1 Single Vehicle ROR Crash – Type C Injury 1 Single Vehicle ROR Crash – Type C Injury 1 Rear-end Crash – Type A Injury 1 Rear-end Crash – Type A Injury

44. Distracted Driver Crashes Wet Road Conditions Wet Road Conditions 2 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes – PDO 2 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes – PDO 2 Rear-end Crashes (1 ROR) 2 Rear-end Crashes (1 ROR) Type C Injury Type C Injury 1 Head-on ROR Crash – Type A Injury 1 Head-on ROR Crash – Type A Injury 1 Angle ROR Crash – Type C Injury 1 Angle ROR Crash – Type C Injury

45. Distracted Driver Crashes Dry Road Conditions Dry Road Conditions 17 Single Vehicle Crashes (15 ROR) 17 Single Vehicle Crashes (15 ROR) 4 Type B Injury 4 Type B Injury 4 Type C Injury 4 Type C Injury 17 Rear-End Crashes (5 ROR) 17 Rear-End Crashes (5 ROR) 4 Type A Injury 4 Type A Injury 3 Type B Injury 3 Type B Injury 8 Type C Injury 8 Type C Injury 2 Head-on ROR Crashes 2 Head-on ROR Crashes 1 Type A Injury 1 Type A Injury 1 Type C Injury 1 Type C Injury 1 Sideswipe Opposite ROR Crash – Fatal Crash 1 Sideswipe Opposite ROR Crash – Fatal Crash

46. Distracted Driver Crashes Time of Day Crash Occurred Time of Day Crash Occurred 6 am – 9 am 6 am – 9 am 3 Crashes 3 Crashes 5.4% 5.4% 9 am – 3 pm 9 am – 3 pm 25 Crashes 25 Crashes 44.6% 44.6% 3 pm – 7 pm 3 pm – 7 pm 15 Crashes 15 Crashes 26.8% 26.8% 7 pm – 9 pm 7 pm – 9 pm 5 Crashes 5 Crashes 8.9% 8.9% 9 pm – 6 am 9 pm – 6 am 2 Crashes 2 Crashes 3.6% 3.6%

47. Crashes to Target for Reduction Lost Control on Dry Road Conditions Lost Control on Dry Road Conditions Unable to Stop on Dry Road Conditions Unable to Stop on Dry Road Conditions Driver Fell Asleep Driver Fell Asleep Driver was Distracted Driver was Distracted

48. Potential Crash Reductions Total Crashes Total Crashes 227 Crashes in three years or 75.67 per year 227 Crashes in three years or 75.67 per year Fatal Crashes Fatal Crashes 6 in three years or 2 per year 6 in three years or 2 per year Type A Injury Crashes Type A Injury Crashes 21 in three years or 7 per year 21 in three years or 7 per year Type B Injury Crashes Type B Injury Crashes 35 in three years or 11.67 per year 35 in three years or 11.67 per year Type C Injury Crashes Type C Injury Crashes 76 in three years or 25.33 per year 76 in three years or 25.33 per year

49. Combating Distracted Driving Driving safety is challenging enough when full attention is paid to roadways Driving safety is challenging enough when full attention is paid to roadways It takes one distracted second for a crash to occur It takes one distracted second for a crash to occur Recovery on dry road conditions in fair weather conditions is possible Recovery on dry road conditions in fair weather conditions is possible Recovery on icy or wet road conditions in fair weather conditions is difficult Recovery on icy or wet road conditions in fair weather conditions is difficult Recovery on icy or wet road conditions in poor weather conditions is nearly impossible Recovery on icy or wet road conditions in poor weather conditions is nearly impossible

50. Combating Distracted Driving Shifting driver’s focus back to driving Shifting driver’s focus back to driving Improving recovery area for drivers Improving recovery area for drivers

51. Combating Driver Fatigue Drivers receive stimuli from several sources Drivers receive stimuli from several sources Visual Perception Visual Perception Most Important during Driving Most Important during Driving Primary source of information Primary source of information Hearing Hearing Secondary to sight Secondary to sight Tremendous capacity for conveying information Tremendous capacity for conveying information Ear can process sounds without concentrating Ear can process sounds without concentrating Touch Touch Movement Movement Awareness of body and limbs Awareness of body and limbs

52. Combating Driver Fatigue When drivers fatigue, exposure to measures impacting audible or touch senses will send alert message When drivers fatigue, exposure to measures impacting audible or touch senses will send alert message Driving noise Driving noise Driving maneuvers that are more difficult than a straight tangent section Driving maneuvers that are more difficult than a straight tangent section