1.
Background of IPMCs
IPMCs are smart materials that exhibit electromechanical (actuator) properties and mechanoelectrical (sensor) applications 1
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2.
Background of IPMCs
In 1992 Oguro et al. published paper describing bending of an ion-conducting polymer film-electrode composite by an electric stimulus at low voltage.
In the recent years, research of the IPMC materials has been expanded more in terms of getting higher efficiency, better adaptability to the environment, and applicability. 2
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3.
Background of IPMCs
IPMC materials consist of a thin ionomeric membrane with thickness of approximately 200 μm.
Typical membrane materials are Nafion, Teflon, Flemion
Anions are fixed to the polymer backbone and membrane also consists of freely movable cations (Na+, Ka+, Li+ and Cs+ in hydrated form) 3
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4.
Background of IPMCs
The experimental set-up for the energy harvesting using IPMC
Nafion® 117 membrane (length =  12 cm and width =  6.2 cm) the electric power generation is 3 nW at a vibrating frequency of 7.09 rad s−1
D Dogruer, R Tiwari, K Kim, Ionic polymer metal composites as energy harvesters, Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA) (2007) 65241C. 4
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5.
IPMC as sensor
Mechanical stimulus on an IPMC causes redistribution of charges and produces a detectable electrical signal.
The principle of sensing is believed to be roughly reverse of the actuation. When the material is bent, some of the solvent carrying charged ions are mechanically forced to the vicinity of one electrode. So there forms excess of charges on the expanding side of the material. This in turn results in electric field across the polymer thickness and the corresponding voltage signal can be detected on the electrodes
Chen, Z. et al. A dynamic model for ionic polymer–metal composite sensors 5
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6. A Tactile Sensor for Biomedical Applications Based on IPMCs
A Tactile Sensor for Biomedical Applications Based on IPMCs
Bonomo, C. et al. Sensors Journal, IEEE Volume 8, Issue 8, Aug p 6
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7. REVIEW OF THE CURRENT MODELING FOR IPMC SENSORS AND ACTUATORS
REVIEW OF THE CURRENT MODELING FOR IPMC SENSORS AND ACTUATORS
Black box model dictates that there is no prior knowledge of the system
Gray box model indicates some system knowledge
White box model is based on a purely physical derivation
Üldiselt võib IPMC kontrolliks kasutatavaid mudeleid jagada kolme klassi: empiirilised, nn. musta kasti mudelid; poolempiirilised, nn. halli kasti mudelid ja füüsikalised, nn. valge kasti mudelid.
Empiiriliste (musta kasti ) mudelite puhul materjalisiseseid füüsikalisi protsesse ei modelleerita ning seetõttu ei ole nad tihti geomeetriliselt skaleeruvad. Poolempiirilised mudelid (halli kasti ) baseeruvad osaliselt füüsikalistel printsiipidel, kuid (keerulisemate) protsesside arvestamiseks kasutatakse empiirilisi andmeid. Füüsikalised (valge kasti ) mudelid põhinevad aktuaatoris toimuvatel füüsikalisi protsesse kirjeldavatel diffentsiaalvõrranditel.  Erinevate töörühmade poolt on IPMC aktuaatori toimemehhanismi kirjeldamiseks välja pakutud mitmeid erinevaid mudeleid. Osad teooriad panevad põhilise rõhu elektrostaatilistele jõududele ioonide vahel , kus polümeeri paneb painduma negatiivselt laetud elektroodi juurde kogunev katioonide hulk. Teine konkureeriv teooria on hüdrauliline, kus painduma panevaks jõuks on ioonide (ja vee) liikumisest tingitud lokaalsed rõhugradiendid. 7
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8. White-box model of Nafion-Pt composite actuators
White-box model of Nafion-Pt composite actuators
Following physical phenomena is proposed:
Computer simulation showed the following results.
1) ionic motion by electric field
1) simulated motions agreed with experimental results improving the accuracy in comparison with the conventional models, especially on the time of the maximum displacement
2) water motion by ion-drag
3) swelling and contraction of the membrane
4) momentum effect
5) electrostatic force
6) conformation change
2) nonlinear relation between input voltage and the maximum displacement was explained.
S Tadokoro, S Yamagami, T Takamori, K Oguro, Modeling of Nafion-Pt composite actuators (ICPF) by ionic motion, Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA) (2000) 8
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9. IPMC working principle
IPMC working principle
Summary: Electroactive polymers are a novel class of material whose full potential has yet to be realized. The primary advantages of EAPs over more traditional sensing techniques for implementation in biomimetic systems lie in their flexibility, manufacturability, diversity, and dual role as actuator and sensor. The state of technology is at varying stages of development ranging from well-established conductive rubber pressure sensors, to the more revolutionary ionic metal polymer composites.
A. Punning 9
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10. Biomimetic fish-like underwater robot
Biomimetic fish-like underwater robot
Listak, Madis; Pugal, Deivid; Kruusmaa, Maarja (2007). Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations of a Biomimetic Underwater Robot. 13th International Conference on Advanced Robotics , Korea, Jeju, August, IEEE, 2007, 10
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11.
Self-Walking Gel
Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 3480–3484 11
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12.
Self-Walking Gel
The autonomous motion is produced by dissipating the chemical energy of an oscillating reaction occurring inside the gel.
Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 3480–3484 12
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