1. Course 4 The Risk and Term Structure of Interest Rates

2. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-2 Risk structure of interest rates Term structure of interest rates

3. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-3 risk structure of interest rates bonds with the same term to maturity the risk liquidity income tax rules

4. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-4 the term structure of interest rates a bond’s term to maturity → interest rate relationship among interest rates on bonds with different terms to maturity

5. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-5 Risk Structure of Interest Rates Risk Default risk—occurs when the issuer of the bond is unable or unwilling to make interest payments or pay off the face value Risk Premium the spread between the interest rates on bonds with default risk and the interest rates on T-bonds Bonds with no default risk are called default-free bonds

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9. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-9 If the possibility of a default increases because a corporation begins to suffer large losses, the default risk on corporate bonds will increase and the expected return will decrease The theory of assets demand predicts that because the expected return falls to the relative expected return on default free Treasury bond while its relative risk ness rises, the corporate bond is less desirable and the demand will fall At the same time, the expected return on default-free Treasury bonds increases relative to the expected return on corporate bonds, while their relative risk ness declines. The Treasury bonds become more desirable and demand rises.

10. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-10 We can now conclude that a bond with default risk will always have a positive risk premium and an increase in its default risk will raise the risk premium. Because default risk is so important to the size of the risk premium, purchasers of bonds need to know whether a corporation is likely to default on its bonds. This information is provided by credit-rating agencies, investment advisory firms that rate the quality of corporate and municipal bond in terms of probability of default. Bonds with relatively low risk of default are called investment-grade securities and have a rating of Baa or above. Bonds with ratings below Baa have higher default risk are high-yield bonds, also refereed as junk-bonds.

11. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-11 Liquidity the ease with which an asset can be converted into cash The lower liquidity of corporate bonds relative to Treasury bonds increases the spread between the interest rates on these two bonds. “a risk and liquidity premium”

12. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-12 Income Tax Considerations The behavior of municipal bond rates ??? are not default free are not as liquid as U.S. Treasury bonds ? Why these bonds have had lower interest rates than the U.S.Treasury bonds for at least 40 years ? The explanation lies in the fact that the interest payments on municipal bonds are exempt from federal income taxes a factor that has the same effect on the demand for municipal bonds as an increase in their expected return.

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14. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-14 Term Structure of Interest Rates Bonds with identical risk, liquidity, and tax characteristics may have different interest rates because the time remaining to maturity is different Yield curve—a plot of the yield on bonds with differing terms to maturity but the same risk, liquidity and tax considerations  Upward-sloping  long-term rates are above short-term rates  Flat  short- and long-term rates are the same  Inverted  long-term rates are below short-term rates

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16. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-16 Facts Theory of the Term Structure of Interest Rates Must Explain 1.Interest rates on bonds of different maturities move together over time 2.When short-term interest rates are low, yield curves are more likely to have an upward slope; when short-term rates are high, yield curves are more likely to slope downward and be inverted 3.Yield curves almost always slope upward

17. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-17 Three Theories to Explain the Three Facts 1.Expectations theory explains the first two facts but not the third 2.Segmented markets theory explains fact three but not the first two 3.Liquidity premium theory combines the two theories to explain all three facts

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19. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-19 Expectations Theory The interest rate on a long-term bond will equal an average of the short-term interest rates that people expect to occur over the life of the long-term bond Buyers of bonds do not prefer bonds of one maturity over another; they will not hold any quantity of a bond if its expected return is less than that of another bond with a different maturity Bonds like these are said to be perfect substitutes

20. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-20 Expectations Theory—Example Let the current rate on one-year bond be 6%. You expect the interest rate on a one-year bond to be 8% next year. Then the expected return for buying two one- year bonds averages (6% + 8%)/2 = 7%. The interest rate on a two-year bond must be 7% for you to be willing to purchase it.

21. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-21 Expectations Theory—In General

22. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-22 Expectations Theory—In General (cont’d)

23. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-23 Expectations Theory—In General (cont’d)

24. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-24 Expectations Theory—In General (cont’d)

25. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-25 Expectations Theory Explains why the term structure of interest rates changes at different times Explains why interest rates on bonds with different maturities move together over time (fact 1) Explains why yield curves tend to slope up when short-term rates are low and slope down when short-term rates are high (fact 2) Cannot explain why yield curves usually slope upward (fact 3)

26. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-26 Judgment under Uncertainty: Misconception of Chance People expect that a sequence of events generated by a random process will represent the essential characteristics of the process even when the sequence is short. H-T-H-T-T-H H-H-H-T-T-T H-H-H-H-T-T

27. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-27 People expect that the essential characteristics of the process will be represented, not only globally in an entire sequence, but also locally in each of its parts. Gambler’s fallacy Chance is commonly viewed as a self- correcting process in which a deviation in one direction induces a deviation in the opposite direction to restore the equilibrium

28. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-28 In fact, deviations are not corrected as a chance process unfolds, they are merely diluted

29. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-29 Volatility and Expectations Theory Fact: short-term interest rates are more volatile than long-term interest rates If interest rates are mean-reverting then an average of these short-term rates must necessarily have less volatility than the short-term rates themselves

30. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-30 Because the expectation theory suggests that the long-term rate will be an average of future short-term rates, it implies that the long-term rate will have less volatility than short term rates.

31. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-31 Segmented Markets Theory Bonds of different maturities are not substitutes at all The interest rate for each bond with a different maturity is determined by the demand for and supply of that bond Investors have preferences for bonds of one maturity over another If investors have short desired holding periods and generally prefer bonds with shorter maturities that have less interest-rate risk, then this explains why yield curves usually slope upward (fact 3)

32. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-32 Liquidity Premium & Preferred Habitat Theories The interest rate on a long-term bond will equal an average of short-term interest rates expected to occur over the life of the long-term bond plus a liquidity premium that responds to supply and demand conditions for that bond Bonds of different maturities are substitutes but not perfect substitutes

33. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-33 Liquidity Premium Theory

34. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-34 Preferred Habitat Theory Investors have a preference for bonds of one maturity over another They will be willing to buy bonds of different maturities only if they earn a somewhat higher expected return Investors are likely to prefer short-term bonds over longer-term bonds

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36. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-36 Liquidity Premium and Preferred Habitat Theories, Explanation of the Facts Interest rates on different maturity bonds move together over time; explained by the first term in the equation Yield curves tend to slope upward when short-term rates are low and to be inverted when short-term rates are high; explained by the liquidity premium term in the first case and by a low expected average in the second case Yield curves typically slope upward; explained by a larger liquidity premium as the term to maturity lengthens

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