1. Wireless Nanosensor Networks 16 November 2012 Group 11 Jenni Beetge Mark Lucas Christine Spina

2. Introduction Nanotechnology ▫1-100 nm scale devices Nano-sensors ▫Unique properties of nanomaterial ▫Can detect compounds to 1 ppb ▫Can detect viruses or bacteria Communication ▫Challenges faced with scale down ▫Wireless Nanosensor Networks http://www.fda.gov/ucm/groups/fdagov- public/documents/image/ucm153737.jpg

3. Summary of Presentation Nanosensor device architecture Manufacturing and integration Communication challenges in wireless nanosensor networks Network architecture Applications of wireless nanosensor networks http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kohlenstoffnanoroehre_Animation.gif

4. Types of nano-sensors Physical ▫Deformation of sensor ▫Mass, pressure, force Chemical ▫Detection of molecules ▫Composition, concentration Biological ▫Detection of protein, antigen, DNA strands ▫Electrochemical detector, optical transducer, amperometric, voltaic or magnetic detector I. F. Akyildiz, J. M. Jornet. Electromagnetic wireless nanosensor networks. ELSEVIER. Nanocommunication Networks 1(2010) 3-19.

5. Additional functions Actuation units ▫Enables development of nano-scissors, -tweezers, -pumps and nano- heaters. Power sources ▫Nano-batteries ▫Self-powered nano- sensors ▫Conversion to electrical energy  Mechanical energy  Vibrational energy and noise  Hydraulic energy I. F. Akyildiz, J. M. Jornet. Electromagnetic wireless nanosensor networks. ELSEVIER. Nanocommunication Networks 1(2010) 3-19.

6. Additional functions Processing unit ▫Graphene-based transistors ▫Single phosphorus atom in silicon transistor Storage unit ▫Atomic and Nano-memories ▫Programmable nano-sensors I. F. Akyildiz, J. M. Jornet. Electromagnetic wireless nanosensor networks. ELSEVIER. Nanocommunication Networks 1(2010) 3-19. http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/201 2-02/worlds-tiniest-possible-transistor-just- one-atom-big

7. Communication and networks Nano-antennas ▫Optical ▫Fractal Electromagnetic nano- transceivers ▫Processing ▫Frequency conversion ▫Filtering of signals ▫High frequency necessary: graphene-based transceivers used http://www.nature.com/nphoton/journal/v2/n5/full/ nphoton.2008.60.html http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/articl e/pii/S002228609900188X

8. Manufacturing Top-down ▫Nano-sensors manufactured using larger scale tools Bottom-up ▫Assembly of molecules Bio-hybrid ▫Biological building blocks I. F. Akyildiz, J. M. Jornet. Electromagnetic wireless nanosensor networks. ELSEVIER. Nanocommunication Networks 1(2010) 3-19.

9. Applications of wireless nanosensor networks Biomedical applications Environmental applications Industrial and consumer goods applications Military and defense applications

10. Wireless nanosensor network architectures Components in the network architecture of WNSNs ▫Nano-nodes ▫Nano-routers ▫Nano-micro interface devices ▫Gateway http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network

11. Communication Challenges Nano-antennas ▫Issues  Only ~100nm long  Requires high frequency (>10 terahertz)  Quantum effects ▫Solution  Use graphene or carbon nanotubes  This reduces required frequency to (.1 terahertz)  Accurate models of nanotube antennas  New antenna designs that use symmetry or fractals http://spie.org/x8822.xml

12. Communication Challenges Nano-transceivers ▫Issues  current graphene transistors can only switch at 100 GHz  Electronic noise limits communication range ▫Solution  Faster transistors (1-10 terahertz) need to be developed  More accurate models of noise in graphene-based electronics I. F. Akyildiz, J. M. Jornet. Electromagnetic wireless nanosensor networks. ELSEVIER. Nanocommunication Networks 1(2010) 3-19.

13. Communication Challenges Communication Frequency Band ▫Issues  Low frequency (1 megahertz) requires more power than nano-batteries can provide  High frequency (1 terahertz) is not feasible using standard antenna design ▫Solution  Develop higher power nano-batteries and use low frequency  Develop smarter antenna design using graphene to reach high frequencies http://www.br-labs.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/grafico_terahertz.png

14. Communication Challenges Path-Loss ▫Issues  Molecular absorption due to submerged nano-sensor  Terahertz channel is frequency selective ▫Solution  Develop avoidance strategies (use band that avoids water absorption)  Develop communication model for terahertz range I. F. Akyildiz, J. M. Jornet. Electromagnetic wireless nanosensor networks. ELSEVIER. Nanocommunication Networks 1(2010) 3-19.

15. Communication Challenges Noise ▫Issues  Ambient noise from molecular movement  Communication barrier at more than a few centimeters ▫Solution  Communicate at close distances  Develop noise reduction techniques I. F. Akyildiz, J. M. Jornet. Electromagnetic wireless nanosensor networks. ELSEVIER. Nanocommunication Networks 1(2010) 3-19.

16. Communication Challenges Information encoding and modulation ▫Issues  Complex modulations require more hardware  Power limitations for complex computing ▫Solution  Use sub-picosecond-long pulses  Sending short pulses and long pauses can be translated into code I. F. Akyildiz, J. M. Jornet. Electromagnetic wireless nanosensor networks. ELSEVIER. Nanocommunication Networks 1(2010) 3-19.

17. Biomedical Applications Health monitoring systems ▫Sodium ▫Glucose and other ions in blood ▫Cholesterol ▫Cancer biomarkers ▫The presence of different infectious agents I. F. Akyildiz, J. M. Jornet. Electromagnetic wireless nanosensor networks. ELSEVIER. Nanocommunication Networks 1(2010) 3-19.

18. Biomedical Applications Health monitoring http://www.phmon.de/englisch/

19. Biomedical Applications Drug delivery system: ▫They can also be used to release a specific drug in unreachable locations of our body ▫Distributed network of nanosensors and nanoactuators I. F. Akyildiz, J. M. Jornet. Electromagnetic wireless nanosensor networks. ELSEVIER. Nanocommunication Networks 1(2010) 3-19.

20. Environmental applications Plant monitoring systems ▫Trees, herbs or brushes, release several chemical composites to the air ▫ Chemical nanosensors can be used to detect the chemical compounds being released and exchanged between plants http://www.madeiraapartments.com/index.php/property/homepage/casa_d a_terca_cottages

21. Environmental applications Plague defeating systems ▫Fight insect plagues by using a network of chemical nanoactuators to release natural volatiles able to attract natural predators http://www.wageningenur.nl/en/show/Insect-plagues-in-trees-and-bushes.htm

22. Industrial and consumer goods applications Ultrahigh sensitivity touch surface ▫Physical nanosensors can be used in a distributed manner to develop touch surfaces with high sensitivity and precision, and covering potentially larger areas than by means of existing solutions I. F. Akyildiz, J. M. Jornet. Electromagnetic wireless nanosensor networks. ELSEVIER. Nanocommunication Networks 1(2010) 3-19.

23. Industrial and consumer goods applications Haptic interfaces ▫Physical nanosensors and nanoactuators can be used to enhance remote controls of complex machinery, amongst others. http://www.angelo.edu/services/technology/support/mobile_security.php

24. Industrial and consumer goods applications Future interconnected office ▫In an interconnected office, every single element can be provided of a nanosensor device which allows them to be permanently connected to the internet. I. F. Akyildiz, J. M. Jornet. Electromagnetic wireless nanosensor networks. ELSEVIER. Nanocommunication Networks 1(2010) 3-19.

25. Military and defense applications Nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) defenses ▫Chemical and biological nanosensors can be used to detect harmful chemicals and biological weapons in a distributed manner. http://www.ebay.com/itm/US-Army-Nuclear-Biological-Chemical-Defense-NBC- 1977-FM-21-40-Manual-/230871505232

26. Military and defense applications Damage detection systems ▫Textiles ▫Civil structures ▫Vehicles ▫Rockets. http://www.hillsborohobbyshop.com/in-store/ http://www.lepenquotidien.com/?cat=4 http://www.vagabondjourney.com/209- 0058-ropa-americana-dental-gold- guatemala.shtml http://www.panamatours.com/Magazine/magaz ine_vol10_esp.htm

27. Conclusions ▫Unsolved Challenge  Nano-components have not been successfully integrated ▫Known Developmental Areas  Terahertz band  Sub-picosecond-long pulses  Graphene antennas ▫Large Impact  Healthcare, homeland security, environmental, etc. http://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/ITKE/uploads/blogs.dir/8 /files/2007/10/nanotech.jpg

28. Questions?