2. Biological Psychology  branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior  some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists

3. Neural Communication We are biopsychosocial systems. 3 Cellular Level (Interconnected Neurons) Organ Level (Brain) System Level (Information Processing) Individual Level (Human Being) Group Level (Family) Ethnic Level (Culture) Community Level (Society)

4. It all Starts with the Neuron

5. Neurons: The Messengers About 100 billion neurons (nerve cells) in the human brain Neurons have many of the same features as other cells – Nucleus – Cytoplasm – Cell membrane What makes neurons unique is their shape and function

6. Neuron Structure

7. Types of Neurons

8. Sensory Neurons (Afferent Neurons) Take information from the senses to the brain.

9. Motor Neurons (Efferent Neurons) Take information from brain to the rest of the body.

10. Inter Neurons Take messages from Sensory Neurons to Motor Neurons. Found mostly in spinal cord

11. Glial Cells Cells that insulate and support neurons Create the myelin sheath Remove waste products Provide nourishment Prevent harmful substances from entering the brain

12. The Neural Impulse Resting Potential – Neuron is not transmitting information – it is resting

13. The All-or None Response The idea that either the neuron fires or it does not- no part way firing. Like a gun

14. How a Neuron Fires It is an electrochemical process Electrical inside the neuron Chemical outside the neuron (in the synapse in the form of a neurotransmitter). The firing is call Action Potential.

15. Neural Communication  Resting Potential  Nothing is happening. The gates are closed and the positive ions are on the outside with the negative ions on the inside of the cell. – “Negative Ions inside the Neuron is Natural”  Action Potential – (Neural Impulse)  a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon  400 ft./sec

16. Steps of Action Potential Dendrites receive neurotransmitter from another neuron across the synapse. Reached its threshold- then fires based on the all-or-none response. Opens up a portal in axon, and lets in positive ions (Sodium) which mix with negative ions (Potassium) that is already inside the axon (thus Neurons at rest have a slightly negative charge). The mixing of + and – ions causes an electrical charge that opens up the next portal (letting in more K) while closing the original portal. Process continues down axon to the axon terminal. Terminal buttons turns electrical charge into chemical (neurotransmitter) and shoots message to next neuron across the synapse.

17. Neural Communication Cell body end of axon Direction of neural impulse: toward axon terminals This chain reaction can occur up to 100 a second. Stimulation causes the gates to open and the positive ions enter the cell. An electrical spark is produced by the process call depolarization. The positive ions are then pumped out.

18. The Neural Impulse Polarization – When the inside of the Neuron is negatively charged relative to the outside (resting potential) Depolarization – When the electrical charge of a cell moves toward zero (action potential)

19. The Synapse Synaptic space (synaptic cleft) – Tiny gap between neurons Terminal button – Enlarged area at the end of an axon The synapse – Composed of the terminal button of one neuron, the synaptic space, and the dendrites or cell body of the receiving neuron

21. Neural Communication

22. How Neurons Communicate

23. Neural Communication Refractory Period – The time it takes for the positive ions to be pumped out.