1. Modeling and Simulation

2. Warm-up Activity (1 of 3) You will be given a set of nine pennies. Let’s assume that one of the pennies is a counterfeit that is slightly heavier than the other pennies. If we had a scale and you could make three measurements, how would you determine which penny is counterfeit?

3. Warm-up Activity (1 of 3)

4. Warm-up Activity (2 of 3) With the same set of nine pennies, let’s now assume that one of the pennies is a counterfeit and that is might be slightly heavier OR lighter than the other pennies. If we had a scale and you could make three measurements, how would you determine which penny is counterfeit AND whether it is heavier or lighter?

5. Warm-up Activity (2 of 3)

6. Warm-up Activity (3 of 3) Can you repeat the previous exercise with 12 coins???

7. Warm-up Activity (3 of 3) Possibly Light Possibly heavy

8. Modeling and Simulation: Swarm Theory “The Wisdom of Crowds”

9. What is a Swarm? A swarm is a collective noun used to describe a large group of animals, usually in motion (bees, ants, people, etc.). Other collective nouns AnimalCollective Noun GeeseGaggle CrowsMurder BarracudaBattery SharksShiver TilapiaTaint “A flock of seagulls.” “A school of fish.” “An army of ants.”

10. Swarming is a behavior that describes how a group of individual animals/objects move together in the same direction all at once. Some things most swarms have in common: – No one person is in control (there is no general) – Members only talk to those close to them – The collective behavior is organized/intelligent – The whole group is responsive to minute changes What is Swarming?

11. What is Swarm Theory? Swarm Theory is the modeling and simulation of the collective behavior of groups of simple agents. “The wisdom of crowds.” Extra Credit [ ??? Pts]: Read the first two chapters of James Surowiecki’s “The Wisdom of Crowds” and write a two page, double spaced paper that summarizes his thoughts.

12. Why is Swarm Theory Important? Computers have changed our lives: IndustryEmergencies MilitaryInternet ManagementTraffic Control Not all problems can be solved with traditional hardware and software!!!

13. Models for Swarming Behavior Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) Ants are great at finding the closest source of food Ants use pheromones to communicate information Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Birds are excellent at finding multiple sources of food simultaneously Birds broadcast information locally “The whole is greater than the sum of each part.” “Solve complex problems using simple agents.”

14. Ant Colony Optimization Ants Foraging – Cooperative search using pheromone trails ACO finds shortest route!!!

15. Particle Swarm Optimization Birds Foraging Flock searches the entire space “I found food!!!” is only broadcast locally Rest of flock continues to search

16. Building Blocks of Swarm Theory In nature, all swarms are self-organizing and use these principles: 1.Positive Feedback 2.Negative Feedback 3.Fluctuation/Randomness 4.Multiple Interactions

17. Swarm Theory Homework: – Download U1H1.doc Watch the online video clip listed in the document Answer the questions Turn in your answers at start of class tomorrow – Read over tomorrow’s lecture (U1 L2.ppt)