1. Observation of molecules in Comets with Odin and Deep Impact I Observation of the 557GHz water line in comets with Odin Monitoring of water outgassing, maps Other lines in bright comets: H 2 18 O and NH 3 Comets observed since Odin launch: 2001-2005 II Radio observations of the target of Deep Impact Nicolas Biver, the Meudon comet team (LESIA, Paris Obs.) and the Odin team

2. ODIN (Sweden, France, Canada and Finland) 1.1m off-axis telescope 2.2' beam Tsys ~3000 K SSB Comets: H 2 O at 557GHz H 2 18 O at 547GHz NH 3 at 572 GHz H 2 17 O at 552GHz Launched: 20 Feb. 2001 (polar orbit) End: April 2006? (Funding…) 50% Astronomy (63% time on target) 50% Aeronomy 153P/Ikeya-Zhang

3. Cometary water line at 557GHz: opaque…! self absorption in the foreground (comparison to HCN)

4. Monitoring of the outgassing of water of comet C/2003 K4 (LINEAR) with heliocentric distance: "turn-off" at ~2 AU

5. ODIN MIRO

6. Comet C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) observed with Odin Monitoring and Map of 15/16 may 2004

7. Comet 153P/Ikeya-Zhang: Modelling of the line shape and shift and comparison with observation from an extended map.

8. Odin findings Water production from Odin used for: 153P/Ikeya-Zhang:[H 2 O]/[H 2 18 O] = 450 ± 50 HDO/H 2 O < 5.4 10 -4 with CSO (Lecacheux et al. 2003) Preliminary results of 2004-2005: C/2001 Q4 (NEAT):[H 2 O]/[H 2 18 O] = 405 ± 35 C/2002 T7 (LINEAR): [H 2 O]/[H 2 18 O] = 510 ± 70 C/2004 Q2 (Machholz): [H 2 O]/[H 2 18 O] = 433 ± 21 HDO/H 2 O < 4.4 10 -4 with CSO Terrestrial ratio: 16 O/ 18 O = 499HDO/H 2 O = 3.2 10 -4 16 O/ 18 O ratio in cometary water with ODIN and D/H

9. Ammonia in comets From the ground:NH 3 at 24 GHz: C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake):[NH 3 ]/[H 2 O] = 0.6 % (NRAO) C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp):[NH 3 ]/[H 2 O] = ~1 % (Effelsberg, NRAO, NRO) 153P/Ikeya-Zhang:[NH 3 ]/[H 2 O] = 0.6 % (Effelsberg) C/2001 Q4 (NEAT):[NH 3 ]/[H 2 O] < 0.13 % (Effelsberg) C/2002 T7 (LINEAR):[NH 3 ]/[H 2 O] < 0.74 % (Effelsberg) (Hatchell et al. 2005, A&A) From NH 2 in the visible: Various comets: [NH 3 ]/[H 2 O]  0.5 % (Kawakita & Watanabe, 2002 ApJ 572, L177) With Odin: NH 3 (1-0) at 572 GHz: C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) [NH 3 ]/[H 2 O] = 0.3 % (Preliminary) C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) [NH 3 ]/[H 2 O] < 0.15 % (Preliminary) C/2004 Q2 (Machholz) Observations to be reduced, but of poor quality

10. Comets observed with ODIN since its launch: Comet/type:Dates Observations performedQ H2O max. C/2001 A2 (LINEAR) (LP)27 Apr. 2001, First observation 20 June-9 July 2001 Monitoring, maps 11.0 10 28 19P/Borrelly(JF p=6.9y)22-24 Sep. 2001, 5 Nov. 2001Deep Space 1 Flyby 3.0 10 28 C/2000 WM 1 (LINEAR) (LP) 7 Dec. 2001, Map 4.3 10 28 12 Mar. 2002Map 6.7 10 28 153P/Ikeya-Zhang (p=360y)22-28 Apr. 2002Map, H 2 18 O 26.0 10 28 C/2002 X5 (Kudo-Fujikawa) (LP) 3-30 Mar. 2003Monitoring 2.7 10 28 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 (C)23-29 June 2003Search for H 2 O < 3.10 28 2P/Encke (JF p=3.3y) 16-23 Nov.2003Small Maps 0.6 10 28 C/2002 T7(LINEAR) (OC) 26 Jan.-29 May 2004Monitoring, H 2 18 O, NH 3 search 20.0 10 28 C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) (OC)6 Mar.-16 May 2004Monitoring, H 2 18 O, NH 3, Map 20.0 10 28 C/2003 K4(LINEAR) (OC) 27 Nov.-19 Feb.20053 month Monitoring 17.0 10 28 C/2004 Q2 (Machholz) (LP) 17-23 Jan. 2005Monitoring, H 2 18 O, NH 3 search 24.0 10 28 9P/Tempel 1 (JF p=5.5y) 18 June-7 Aug. 2005DeepImpact/Monitoring 0.9 10 28 JF: Jupiter family, LP:Long Period, OC: Oort Cloud comet, C: Centaur comet; p= orb.period

11. Nançay observations of OH at 18cm: 1 hour per day from 4 March to 8 June &1-10 July. Detected on ~10days averages from 20 March to 8 June with peak Q H2O ~10 28 molec./s early May. Odin observations of H 2 O at 557 GHz (95 orbits): ~4 orbits every week 18 June – 7 August 2005 Small map on 18 th of June, 33 orbits July 3-5: Q H2O = 3 to 9×10 27 molec./s II - 9P/Tempel 1 target of Deep Impact Monitoring of the water outgassing:

12. 1 month monitoring of comet 9P/Tempel 1: Before and after Deep Impact

13. Deep Impact on 9P/Tempel 1: Simulations of H 2 O observed by Odin First hypothesis: Big outburst of 11×10 32 molec. Lasting 1h (½ FWHM gaussian) (30000 tons of water – 2 days of activity or volume of a 100×30m crater, 50% ice; Qpeak×40 )  not seen Isotropic outgassing at 0.7 km/s Impact+67s from DI © NASA/JPL

14. H 2 O outgassing observed by Odin: nothing more than ~20% increase? Second hypothesis: ±isotropic "normal" outgassing + 15h burst (Qp+30%, total ~4000 tons) in a narrow jet in the plane of the sky to simulate the narrow peak > 0.24 K at 0 km/s.  Total Q H2O : +20% at impact + 1 day

15. Context of impact: ground based observations of 9P/Tempel 1 IRAM-30m (and CSO) observations: [1] daily monitoring 4.7 – 9.8 May: 1.7 day periodicity of Q HCN [2] daily monitoring 2.7 – 10.9 July: small increase of HCN and CH 3 OH line intensity and width lasting over a day following impact: Impact+50min from DI © NASA/JPL

16. IMPACT: IRAM-30m: HCN lines broader and slightly stronger on July 4.8 and 5.8, compared to July 2-3 and 6-10: new jet at ~1.2 km/s at +15-40h? (Seen also on CH 3 OH)

17. IMPACT: SUMMARY Odin: No big outburst of H 2 O, but perhaps a small jet in the plane of the sky (~4000 tons in 15h) IRAM and CSO (only upper limit on CH 3 OH at CSO):  No significant outburst just after impact but possible increase by 1.5 to 2.5 of HCN and CH 3 OH production rate (and abundance) – model dependent, especially on assumed temperature.  New jet at ~1.2 km/s towards the Sun/Earth: not seen in H 2 O?!  Need for a 4D model: 3 space dimensions (jet) and time-dependent for accurate interpretation, especially for optically thick H 2 O line at 557GHz. But limited S/N cannot provide good constraints on the parameters…  Need to discriminate impact effect from periodic variations (~40h in May) 9P/Tempel 1: Molecular abundances relative to water CH 3 OH 1.7±0.5% 3.2%7.2%*<2.7% 5-9 May 2.7-3.7 4.8 July 6-11 July HCN 0.08 ± 0.01%0.13%0.17%*0.09% * Assuming increase of Temp. (20  40 K) and v exp (0.65  0.9 km/s) total