1. AfricaAfrica

2. GeographyGeography Second Largest continent Second Largest continent – 4,600 miles east-west – 5,000 miles north- south 1/5 of the earth’s land surface 1/5 of the earth’s land surface Coastline Coastline – Narrow – Few harbors or inlets – Actually shorter than Europe Europe is only 1/3 the size of Africa Europe is only 1/3 the size of Africa Second Largest continent Second Largest continent – 4,600 miles east-west – 5,000 miles north- south 1/5 of the earth’s land surface 1/5 of the earth’s land surface Coastline Coastline – Narrow – Few harbors or inlets – Actually shorter than Europe Europe is only 1/3 the size of Africa Europe is only 1/3 the size of Africa 2

3. Major Land Areas Desert Desert – 40 % of continent – Sahara – Sahel Coastline of the Sahara Desert Coastline of the Sahara Desert Grassland on southern edge of Sahara Desert Grassland on southern edge of Sahara Desert Desert Desert – 40 % of continent – Sahara – Sahel Coastline of the Sahara Desert Coastline of the Sahara Desert Grassland on southern edge of Sahara Desert Grassland on southern edge of Sahara Desert 3

4. Major Land Areas Rainforest Rainforest – Middle half of continent – Trees form canopy Block sun from rainforest floor Block sun from rainforest floor Rainforest Rainforest – Middle half of continent – Trees form canopy Block sun from rainforest floor Block sun from rainforest floor

5. Major Land Areas Savanna Savanna – Grassy plain – Most populated – Desertification Drying out of the soil Drying out of the soil Great Rift Valley Great Rift Valley – Deep Gash in Earth’s crust Savanna Savanna – Grassy plain – Most populated – Desertification Drying out of the soil Drying out of the soil Great Rift Valley Great Rift Valley – Deep Gash in Earth’s crust 5

6. Crops & Food Agriculture Agriculture Livestock Livestock – Cattle – Goats – Sheep – Horse – Camels Agriculture Agriculture Livestock Livestock – Cattle – Goats – Sheep – Horse – Camels

7. IronIron Iron making Iron making – First – Nok culture – Skipped Bronze Age Spread through Bantu Migration Spread through Bantu Migration Iron making Iron making – First – Nok culture – Skipped Bronze Age Spread through Bantu Migration Spread through Bantu Migration

8. PeoplePeople Earliest People Earliest People Pastoralist Pastoralist – Some tribes today still measure wealth by number of animal own Earliest People Earliest People Pastoralist Pastoralist – Some tribes today still measure wealth by number of animal own 8

9. FamilyFamily Organized into groups called lineage Organized into groups called lineage Lineages included past and future generations Lineages included past and future generations Strong loyalties Strong loyalties Organized into groups called lineage Organized into groups called lineage Lineages included past and future generations Lineages included past and future generations Strong loyalties Strong loyalties 9

10. Tracing Family Descent Lineage determines Lineage determines – Inheritances rights – Group individual belongs to Patrilineal Patrilineal – Sons remain with father and the extended family Matrilineal Matrilineal – Men usually hold the position of authority even though group membership and inheritance comes from mother Lineage determines Lineage determines – Inheritances rights – Group individual belongs to Patrilineal Patrilineal – Sons remain with father and the extended family Matrilineal Matrilineal – Men usually hold the position of authority even though group membership and inheritance comes from mother 10

11. Common Elements Language Language Religion Religion – Animistic Power of natural forces personified as deities Power of natural forces personified as deities Ritual and worship Ritual and worship Dancing, drumming, sacrifice Dancing, drumming, sacrifice Witchcraft Witchcraft Language Language Religion Religion – Animistic Power of natural forces personified as deities Power of natural forces personified as deities Ritual and worship Ritual and worship Dancing, drumming, sacrifice Dancing, drumming, sacrifice Witchcraft Witchcraft

12. BantuBantu Bantu Bantu – Lived south of Sahara- Nigeria – Iron – Spread of agriculture Bantu Bantu – Lived south of Sahara- Nigeria – Iron – Spread of agriculture

13. BantuBantu – Spread of language Swahili Swahili Helps experts trace movement of people Helps experts trace movement of people – If two languages have similar words, it is likely the people who spoke them were in close contact – Spread of language Swahili Swahili Helps experts trace movement of people Helps experts trace movement of people – If two languages have similar words, it is likely the people who spoke them were in close contact

14. Bantu Migration Began around 1500 CE Began around 1500 CE – Lasted for 2000 years – Caused by Climatic changes Climatic changes – Sahara area Increase population Increase population – Adoption of agriculture- more food- more people – Used rivers Began around 1500 CE Began around 1500 CE – Lasted for 2000 years – Caused by Climatic changes Climatic changes – Sahara area Increase population Increase population – Adoption of agriculture- more food- more people – Used rivers

15. Reasons for Migration Food Food Climatic changes Climatic changes Overpopulation Overpopulation Displacement Displacement Disease Disease Crop failures Crop failures Avoid natural disasters Avoid natural disasters Destructive farming methods Destructive farming methods Food Food Climatic changes Climatic changes Overpopulation Overpopulation Displacement Displacement Disease Disease Crop failures Crop failures Avoid natural disasters Avoid natural disasters Destructive farming methods Destructive farming methods

16. BantuBantu Stateless societies Stateless societies – Kinship – Lineage and age set – Lacked concentrated political power and authority Age Set Age Set – Cohort group that included tribal members of the same age who share life experiences and responsibilities Stateless societies Stateless societies – Kinship – Lineage and age set – Lacked concentrated political power and authority Age Set Age Set – Cohort group that included tribal members of the same age who share life experiences and responsibilities

17. African Economies Diversified Diversified Involved with other regions - trade Involved with other regions - trade Diversified Diversified Involved with other regions - trade Involved with other regions - trade

18. Drawbacks to African Trade Professional merchants Professional merchants Raw materials for manufactured products Raw materials for manufactured products Didn’t develop industrial technology Didn’t develop industrial technology Professional merchants Professional merchants Raw materials for manufactured products Raw materials for manufactured products Didn’t develop industrial technology Didn’t develop industrial technology

19. Trade in West Africa Infrequent and irregular Infrequent and irregular Berbers Berbers – Camels could cover 60 miles a day Trade routes developed and trade increased Trade routes developed and trade increased Infrequent and irregular Infrequent and irregular Berbers Berbers – Camels could cover 60 miles a day Trade routes developed and trade increased Trade routes developed and trade increased 19

20. West Africa was rich in gold but lack salt West Africa was rich in gold but lack salt – Arabs and Berbers will trade salt for gold African trade routes will shift to the east several times as gold deposits were found further east African trade routes will shift to the east several times as gold deposits were found further east West Africa was rich in gold but lack salt West Africa was rich in gold but lack salt – Arabs and Berbers will trade salt for gold African trade routes will shift to the east several times as gold deposits were found further east African trade routes will shift to the east several times as gold deposits were found further east 20

22. Islamic Influence Migration after Muhammad’s death Migration after Muhammad’s death Converted many African rulers Converted many African rulers – United religious and civil authority – Government based on Islamic law God’s law is a higher authority than human law God’s law is a higher authority than human law Rulers relied on religious scholars as government advisors Rulers relied on religious scholars as government advisors Migration after Muhammad’s death Migration after Muhammad’s death Converted many African rulers Converted many African rulers – United religious and civil authority – Government based on Islamic law God’s law is a higher authority than human law God’s law is a higher authority than human law Rulers relied on religious scholars as government advisors Rulers relied on religious scholars as government advisors 22

23. Islamic Law Law of obligation Law of obligation – Does not separate personal life from religious life – Common set of values Helps unify despite major differences Helps unify despite major differences Law of obligation Law of obligation – Does not separate personal life from religious life – Common set of values Helps unify despite major differences Helps unify despite major differences 23

24. African Slave Trade Muslim view of slavery Muslim view of slavery – Stage in the conversion of pagans to slavery – Limited circumstances African slave trade African slave trade – developed rapidly – widely diffused Muslim view of slavery Muslim view of slavery – Stage in the conversion of pagans to slavery – Limited circumstances African slave trade African slave trade – developed rapidly – widely diffused

25. Islamic Influence Established vast trade network Established vast trade network – Gold trade Written Arabic language, laws Written Arabic language, laws – Allowed local rulers to improve their administration improve their administration Established vast trade network Established vast trade network – Gold trade Written Arabic language, laws Written Arabic language, laws – Allowed local rulers to improve their administration improve their administration

26. BerbersBerbers Converted to Islam Converted to Islam – At first was unifying but later divided North Africa into competing Muslim states Two major groups Two major groups – Almoravid and Almohads Converted to Islam Converted to Islam – At first was unifying but later divided North Africa into competing Muslim states Two major groups Two major groups – Almoravid and Almohads 26

27. Almoravid Dynasty After hajj, devote believer convinced Abd Allah Ibn Yasin to return to After hajj, devote believer convinced Abd Allah Ibn Yasin to return to – 1050 AD attempt to spread Islam through conquest – Moved into Spain, where they will become know as Moors After hajj, devote believer convinced Abd Allah Ibn Yasin to return to After hajj, devote believer convinced Abd Allah Ibn Yasin to return to – 1050 AD attempt to spread Islam through conquest – Moved into Spain, where they will become know as Moors 27

28. AlmohadsAlmohads Began as a militant religious movement Began as a militant religious movement – Around 1130CE Followed teachings of Ibn Turmart Followed teachings of Ibn Turmart – Urged followers to strictly obey teaching of Quran and Islamic law Began as a militant religious movement Began as a militant religious movement – Around 1130CE Followed teachings of Ibn Turmart Followed teachings of Ibn Turmart – Urged followers to strictly obey teaching of Quran and Islamic law 28

29. NokNok Smelted iron Smelted iron Elephant Elephant West Africa’s earliest known culture West Africa’s earliest known culture Smelted iron Smelted iron Elephant Elephant West Africa’s earliest known culture West Africa’s earliest known culture

30. KushKush Path through which trade went from North Africa to Middle East and Europe Path through which trade went from North Africa to Middle East and Europe Capital city Meroe Capital city Meroe – Iron smelting center Path through which trade went from North Africa to Middle East and Europe Path through which trade went from North Africa to Middle East and Europe Capital city Meroe Capital city Meroe – Iron smelting center

31. AxumAxum Known today as Ethiopia Known today as Ethiopia Main port was Adulis Main port was Adulis – Major center of trade with Egypt, Romans, Byzantine & India King Ezana King Ezana – Converts to Christianity – Most important Christian kingdom in Africa Known today as Ethiopia Known today as Ethiopia Main port was Adulis Main port was Adulis – Major center of trade with Egypt, Romans, Byzantine & India King Ezana King Ezana – Converts to Christianity – Most important Christian kingdom in Africa

32. AxumAxum Only African nation to develop a written language Only African nation to develop a written language Stelae Stelae – Stone pillars that celebrate the kings’ conquest and demonstrates the greatness of Aksum Only African nation to develop a written language Only African nation to develop a written language Stelae Stelae – Stone pillars that celebrate the kings’ conquest and demonstrates the greatness of Aksum

33. AxumAxum Created new method of agriculture- terrace farming Created new method of agriculture- terrace farming Axum will remain one of the few non- Muslims states in northern and eastern Africa Axum will remain one of the few non- Muslims states in northern and eastern Africa – Axum had provide refuge for Muslims – Muslims never attempt to conquer Axum Created new method of agriculture- terrace farming Created new method of agriculture- terrace farming Axum will remain one of the few non- Muslims states in northern and eastern Africa Axum will remain one of the few non- Muslims states in northern and eastern Africa – Axum had provide refuge for Muslims – Muslims never attempt to conquer Axum

34. West Africa Kingdoms in west Africa grew as a result of being intermediaries in the trans-Sahara trade Kingdoms in west Africa grew as a result of being intermediaries in the trans-Sahara trade Located in savanna region traded salt to forest settlements in exchange for gold, which they then traded with Africa north of the Sahara Located in savanna region traded salt to forest settlements in exchange for gold, which they then traded with Africa north of the Sahara Kingdoms in west Africa grew as a result of being intermediaries in the trans-Sahara trade Kingdoms in west Africa grew as a result of being intermediaries in the trans-Sahara trade Located in savanna region traded salt to forest settlements in exchange for gold, which they then traded with Africa north of the Sahara Located in savanna region traded salt to forest settlements in exchange for gold, which they then traded with Africa north of the Sahara

35. Ghana, Mali & Songhay Sub-Saharan Sub-Saharan 7 th & 8 th century -Islamic traders arrive in the Sahara desert while African traders push northward 7 th & 8 th century -Islamic traders arrive in the Sahara desert while African traders push northward – Search of salt but started to trade Gold Found in abundance in Ghana and Mali Found in abundance in Ghana and Mali Sub-Saharan Sub-Saharan 7 th & 8 th century -Islamic traders arrive in the Sahara desert while African traders push northward 7 th & 8 th century -Islamic traders arrive in the Sahara desert while African traders push northward – Search of salt but started to trade Gold Found in abundance in Ghana and Mali Found in abundance in Ghana and Mali

36. GhanaGhana Ruled taxed goods Ruled taxed goods – Limited supply of gold Influence of Islam Influence of Islam – Subject to a holy war – Able to defeat Islamic forces but empire fell into decline Its decline in 1076 will make way for new political organizations in West Africa Its decline in 1076 will make way for new political organizations in West Africa Ruled taxed goods Ruled taxed goods – Limited supply of gold Influence of Islam Influence of Islam – Subject to a holy war – Able to defeat Islamic forces but empire fell into decline Its decline in 1076 will make way for new political organizations in West Africa Its decline in 1076 will make way for new political organizations in West Africa

37. MaliMali Created out of Ghana Created out of Ghana Sundiata Sundiata – Unified state: Lion Prince Mali will become a model for Islamic Sudan kingdoms Mali will become a model for Islamic Sudan kingdoms Urbanization along Niger River Urbanization along Niger River Trade Trade – Juula Agricultural economy Agricultural economy – Barely able to provide basic foods Poor soil Poor soil Periodic droughts Periodic droughts Limitations of technology Limitations of technology Created out of Ghana Created out of Ghana Sundiata Sundiata – Unified state: Lion Prince Mali will become a model for Islamic Sudan kingdoms Mali will become a model for Islamic Sudan kingdoms Urbanization along Niger River Urbanization along Niger River Trade Trade – Juula Agricultural economy Agricultural economy – Barely able to provide basic foods Poor soil Poor soil Periodic droughts Periodic droughts Limitations of technology Limitations of technology

38. MaliMali Mansa Musa Mansa Musa – Capital city at Timbuktu – Pilgrimage to Mecca So extravagant – everyone saw him as an overnight international sensation So extravagant – everyone saw him as an overnight international sensation Will devalue the currency of Egypt because of inflation caused by the gold Will devalue the currency of Egypt because of inflation caused by the gold – Brought scholars and artists to Africa – Timbuktu will become a center of Islamic learning and trade Mansa Musa Mansa Musa – Capital city at Timbuktu – Pilgrimage to Mecca So extravagant – everyone saw him as an overnight international sensation So extravagant – everyone saw him as an overnight international sensation Will devalue the currency of Egypt because of inflation caused by the gold Will devalue the currency of Egypt because of inflation caused by the gold – Brought scholars and artists to Africa – Timbuktu will become a center of Islamic learning and trade

39. Mali: Tumbuktu Cultural Center Cultural Center – University – Books Lacked modern weapons despite wealth and high level of learning Lacked modern weapons despite wealth and high level of learning – Will cause downfall when invaded by Moroccan Muslims who had firearms Cultural Center Cultural Center – University – Books Lacked modern weapons despite wealth and high level of learning Lacked modern weapons despite wealth and high level of learning – Will cause downfall when invaded by Moroccan Muslims who had firearms

40. SonghaySonghay Largest empire in Africa in 15 th century Largest empire in Africa in 15 th century – Sunni Ali – Mali – Askia Mixture of Islam, native, & pagan rituals Mixture of Islam, native, & pagan rituals Largest empire in Africa in 15 th century Largest empire in Africa in 15 th century – Sunni Ali – Mali – Askia Mixture of Islam, native, & pagan rituals Mixture of Islam, native, & pagan rituals

41. BeninBenin Strong centralized city- state Strong centralized city- state Significant military and economic power Significant military and economic power Rulers controlled trade so effectively that Europeans could never manage to dominate Benin Rulers controlled trade so effectively that Europeans could never manage to dominate Benin Bronze casting Bronze casting Strong centralized city- state Strong centralized city- state Significant military and economic power Significant military and economic power Rulers controlled trade so effectively that Europeans could never manage to dominate Benin Rulers controlled trade so effectively that Europeans could never manage to dominate Benin Bronze casting Bronze casting

42. The Great Zimbabwe Massive walls are most important monuments in Africa south of Nile Valley Massive walls are most important monuments in Africa south of Nile Valley – Built by Bantu – Shows the strength of the economy Massive walls are most important monuments in Africa south of Nile Valley Massive walls are most important monuments in Africa south of Nile Valley – Built by Bantu – Shows the strength of the economy

43. The Great Zimbabwe Stone Building Stone Building Great Zimbabwe Great Zimbabwe – Capital and religious center Centralized Centralized Sofala Sofala Mwene Mutapa Mwene Mutapa – Title given to the ruler of Great Zimbabwe Abandon with gold decline Abandon with gold decline Stone Building Stone Building Great Zimbabwe Great Zimbabwe – Capital and religious center Centralized Centralized Sofala Sofala Mwene Mutapa Mwene Mutapa – Title given to the ruler of Great Zimbabwe Abandon with gold decline Abandon with gold decline

44. Impact of Islam 1.Globalized areas of Africa – Most affected Sudanic states and Swahili coast 2.Government support – Political law (Shar’ia) 1.Globalized areas of Africa – Most affected Sudanic states and Swahili coast 2.Government support – Political law (Shar’ia)