1. Foreign Policy US Government AP Chapter 20

2. Policy Majori- tarian Interest Group ClientEntrepre neurial Who Pays? AllFewAllFew Who Benefits? AllFew All

3. Majoritarian Going to war Alliances (NATO, Warsaw Pact) Weapons treaties Recognition of governments Policy with the President

4. Interest Group Tariffs Embargo’s Quota’s Policy with Congress

5. Client Favorable legislation to companies doing business abroad Aid to “favorable” countries Policy with Congress

6. Declaring War Officially only Congress can declare war 13 “official” wars 6 formal declarations Presidents have sent troops about 125 x’s

7. Alliances Treaties from Congress (Senate) Executive Agreements from the President (usually pre-approved by Congress)

8. States No power in foreign affairs

9. The Courts and Foreign Policy As a sovereign nation—the courts acknowledge Executive and Legislative power to conduct foreign policy beyond the Constitution “Let those 2 work it out” (hands off)

10. Checks and Balances Congress over the President Approve money for military Approve money for aid President has to inform Oversight Committees on troop deployment Public opinion checks both

12. War Powers Act After Vietnam to control troop deployments 1. 48 hour notice to Congress by Pres. 2. 60 day approval by Congress to fund the deployment (or they come back) 3. End it with a Concurrent Resolution (never been used—legality by S. Court)

13. Foreign Policy and Public Opinion The public tends to support the president in a crises Casualties often lead the public to support escalation, so fighting will end more quickly Since World War II, the public has generally felt the U.S. should play an important international role

14. 4 Worldviews 1. Isolationism 2. Containment 3. Disengagement 4. Human Rights

15. Alliances or Go it Alone? Valence Issue Need someone to keep world peace NATO, UN—heavily subsidized by USA Have used a mix of both

17. Paying for it all… Top 3 expense in the budget each year 1. Entitlements 2. Interest on deficit 3. Defense—about $400 billion/year 4. Bailout for economy

19. What do we get for our $... Personnel Planes, helicopters, tanks, bullets, etc…(big ticket items--hardware) Economic impact on industry Bases around the world (Interest groups)

20. Over runs on budgets 1. Improvements in technology as the machine is being built 2. Custom parts (coffee maker example) 3. Underestimated by Congress to get it passed 4. Single contractor problems 5. Stretch-outs 6. Always building the “Best”