1. Human Endocrine Physiology BIO E-163 January 30, 2014 Please fill out a class survey (In the back where you came in)

2. Housekeeping Schedule iSite Syllabus D iscussion forum Reading Vander A ssignments Exams/grading Office hours Review sessions Recommendations

3. Overview What are hormones? How are hormones made and secreted? How do hormones transmit their signals? How do each of the major hormone systems work in regulating and coordinating body functions? How do genetic and hormone disorders help illustrate endocrine physiology? How has understanding endocrine physiology led to effective medical treatments? How have these treatments led to political and social controversies?

4. Endocrine Glands

5. Derivations Endocrine Endo- within Crine- Gk krinein to separate Hormone Gk hormon present participle of horman to set in motion

8. Examples of Exocrine Glands

10. Nontraditional Sources of Hormones

11. Types of hormones Peptide FSH, TSH, insulin, PTH Steroid Cortisol, testosterone, estradiol, aldosterone Tyrosine derivatives Thyroxine (T4), epinephrine

12. TRH

13. Insulin

17. Processes Controlled or Modulated by Hormones

18. Homeostasis

22. TSH T4 + - Negative feedback

23. TSH T4 + -

24. TSH T4 + -

25. TSH T4 + -

26. TSH T4 + -

27. TSH T4 + -

28. TSH T4 + -

29. Positive Feedback

32. Action, Production and Secretion of Hormones

33. Receptors Principles Mechanisms of transmitting the hormone signal to the cell function Specificity Sensitivity Amplification Cross talk

34. Fig. 5.5 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CELL’S RESPONSE PO 4 Receptor (bound) + + (a) (b) (d) First messenger Open ion channel Intracellular fluid Plasma membrane Ion Extracellular fluid Receptor (unbound) Closed ion channel Plasma membrane Intracellular fluid Change in membrane potential and/or cytosolic [Ca 2+ ] (multiplesteps) First messenger ATP Receptor Docking protein First messenger Receptor Janus kinase CELL’S RESPONSE ADP Thyrosine kinase (multiple steps) Docking protein (multiple steps) ADP Protein-PO 4 ATP Protein First messenger Receptor Generates Effector protein (ion channel or enzyme) GTP GDP       CELL’S RESPONSE G Protein Second messengers Change in membrane potential (multiple steps) Extracellular fluid First messenger (c)

35. Table 5.3

37. Fig. 5.7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. HH O P O P O P O O OO HH HH O P O O HH HH O O O O HH P cAMP phosphodiesterase AMP Adenine HO Adenylyl cyclase OH H2OH2O HOCH 2 cAMP PP OH CH 2 OH ATP CH 2 OH

38. Fig. 5.6 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. + + CELL’S RESPONSE Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Intracellular fluid ADPProtein Begin First messenger Receptor G S Protein GDP GTP Adenylyl cyclase ATPcAMP Second messenger ATP       Inactive cAMP-dependent protein kinase Active cAMP-dependent protein kinase Protein-PO 4

40. Fig. 5.10-1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. GDP Receptor First messenger GTP Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane       Phospholipase C G q Protein

41. Fig. 5.10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ++ GDP IP 3 + Receptor First messenger Second messenger GTP PIP 2 IP 3 DAG Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Intracellular fluid Active protein kinase C Endoplasmic reticulum CELL’S RESPONSE       Ca 2+ Protein ATPADP Phospholipase C Ca 2+ Inactive protein kinase C G q Protein IP 3 receptor Protein-PO 4 IP 3 Ca 2+

42. Fig. 5.11-1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Begin Extracellular fluid Intracellular fluid Receptor Plasma membrane Ca 2+ entry via plasma membrane Ca 2+ channels and/or Ca 2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum First messenger

43. Fig. 5.11 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Begin Extracellular fluid Intracellular fluid Receptor Inactive calmodulin Plasma membrane Ca 2+ entry via plasma membrane Ca 2+ channels and/or Ca 2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum Second messenger Cytosolic Ca 2+ Active Ca 2+ - calmodulin Inactive calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Active calmodulin-dependent protein kinase CELL’S RESPONSE ++ Protein ATPADP First messenger Protein-PO 4

45. Receptors Principles Mechanisms of transmitting the hormone signal to the cell function Specificity Sensitivity Amplification Cross talk

53. Fig. 5.3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Free messenger concentration X Low-affinity receptor High-affinity receptor in presence of competitor High-affinity receptor Receptor Chemical messenger Competitor Amount of messenger bound

55. Amplification

56. Fig. 5.8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Number of molecules First messenger Receptor 100 10,000 1,000,000 Phosphorylated final products (each enzyme phosphorylates 100 final products) Phosphorylated enzyme (each kinase phosphorylates enzymes) cAMP- dependent protein kinase cAMP- dependent protein kinase cAMP- dependent protein kinase cAMP- dependent protein kinase Enzyme cAMP

57. Cross Talk

59. Shared Receptor Activity TSH, LH, FSH, and hCG comprise a family of hormones Only TSH has a high affinity for the TSH receptor During early pregnancy, the placenta secretes very high levels of hCG These levels are high enough to stimulate the TSH receptor Growth-related hormones (IGF’s, insulin)