1. The Nuclear Security Summit and its Two Side Events Anna Péczeli CBRN Security Seminar in Budapest June 17-18, 2014

2. The Nuclear Security Summits (NSS) First meeting: 12-13 April, 2010 Washington, DC (47 participants, 3 observers) Second meeting: 26-27 March, 2012 Seoul (53 participants, 4 observers) Third meeting: 24-25 March, 2014 The Hague (53 participants, 4 observers) Fourth (last?) meeting: 2016 United States (Chicago or Washington, DC) ∑: Today 25 states possess weapons-usable materials, half of the amount of the early 1990s: one third of this progress was achieved in the framework of the NSS

3. The Results of the NSS Series 1) reducing the amount of dangerous nuclear materials: since 2009, 12 countries have removed all HEU from their territory 15 countries repatriated HEU or plutonium (or in the process of doing that) 13 countries signed up for the HEU-Free Joint Statement 17 countries converted or are still converting their research reactors or medical isotope production facilities 9 countries declared that they are engaged in research and development to use LEU instead of HEU members of the Hague meeting committed to minimize their plutonium stockpiles 2) improving the security of all nuclear material and radioactive sources: reviewing and updating their national legislation on nuclear security 28 countries installed additional radiological detection systems at ports or border checkpoints or equipped mobile search teams with these systems 21 countries signed up for the “Counter Nuclear Smuggling” Gift Basket 12 countries created training centres for nuclear security plus: securing sensitive nuclear information as well as all radioactive sources 3) improving international cooperation: by the creation of a coherent and comprehensive nuclear security architecture by the entry into force of the 2005 amended CPPNM by using the IAEA's IPPAS missions plus: additional voluntary measures

4. The Nuclear Industry Summit (NIS) High level event for CEO’s from the nuclear industry - 200 leaders from worldwide, 3 working groups (self control, cyber threats, materials) Main objectives: implement effective security arrangements within the national regulatory frameworks ensure confidence in the nuclear industry through transparency, integrity, ethical behavior and social responsability Joint statement – specific recommendations: incorporate national + international guidance and good practices routine evaluations of the sufficiency of security provisions corporate governance measures in nuclear security accountability for security (physical protection, cyber…) enhancing international co-operation further minimize the use of HEU accepting the return of disused sources which they supplied

5. The Nuclear Knowledge Summit (NKS) It brought together around 200 nuclear experts and NGO participants from all over the world It closely follows the policy agenda but also covers new topics: improving regime cohesion regional approaches to nuclear security information sharing and peer review advancing the security of fissile material and radiological sources Main objectives: carry the discussion further create a broad platform of experts and NGOs to promote nuclear security and support the NSS Under the NKS: several other activities and events Interactions between the two side events: close cooperation with the NIS providing information to the press linkages: exchanging speakers and participants

6. The Way Forward Evolutionary progress: widening the scope 2010: narrow focus on the security of fissile materials 2012: security of radiological materials, transportation, the relationship between the safety + security interface 2014: focus on the architecture, how to maintain momentum after 2016, institutionalization growing number of documents + commitments 2012: gift baskets on certain issues NSS 2016: create a real legacy, high standards, strong architecture, CBMs, further cooperation between the key players → global governance main tools: universalization, transparency, and information sharing, employing voluntary measures as well as peer reviews and best practices After 2016: remain a political process parallel to the IAEA

7. Thank you for your kind attention a.peczeli@hiia.hu a.peczeli@hiia.hu