1. Changes of State (Phase Changes) Textbook pp. 74-79

2. A change of state is the conversion of a substance from one physical form to another. All changes of state are physical changes.

3. Changes Of State There are five changes of state. They are: 1. Melting 2. Freezing 3. Vaporization 4. Condensation 5. Sublimation

4. During a change of state, the energy of a substance changes. If energy is added to a substance, its particles move faster. If energy is removed from a substance, its particles move slower.

5. TEMPERATURE The temperature of a substance is a measure of the speed of its particles and is therefore a measure of its energy. As substances heat up, the particles move faster As particles cool down the particles move slower

6. MELTING The change of state from a solid to a liquid. The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes from a solid to a liquid Melting is an endothermic change because energy is absorbed by the substance as it changes state. Melting point and boiling point are characteristic properties of a substance.

7. MELTING

8. FREEZING The change of state from a liquid to a solid. The freezing point of a substance is the temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid. Freezing is the opposite process of melting. Freezing and melting occur at the same temperature. Freezing is an exothermic change because energy is taken out of (exits) the substance as it changes.

9. FREEZING

10. VAPORIZATION The change in state from a liquid to a gas.

11. 2 KINDS OF VAPORIZATION Boiling - vaporization that occurs throughout a liquid. The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid boils.

12. 2 KINDS OF VAPORIZATION Evaporation – occurs at the surface of a liquid at a temperature below its boiling point. Perspiration is the cooling off of the body through evaporation.

13. BOILING POINT Pressure affects the boiling point of a substance. The boiling point of a substance decreases as atmospheric pressure decreases. Water boils at a lower temperature on the top of a mountain than it does at sea level. Vacuum Sealer Demo.

14. CONDENSATION The change of state from a gas to a liquid. The condensation point of a substance is the same thing as the boiling point. Condensation is an exothermic change. (energy exits)

15. SUBLIMATION Change of state directly from a solid to a gas. Dry ice sublimes; iodine sublimes; moth balls sublime. Sublimation is an endothermic change.

16. SUMMARIZING THE CHANGES OF STATE Change of StateDirectionEndothermic or exothermic Example MeltingSolid to liquidEndothermicice melts into liquid water at 0°C FreezingLiquid to solidExothermicLiquid water freezes into ice at 0°C VaporizationLiquid to gasEndothermicLiquid water vaporizes into steam at 100°C CondensationGas to liquidExothermicSteam condenses into liquid at 100°C SublimationSolid to gasEndothermicDry ice sublimes into a gas

17. SUMMARIZING THE CHANGES OF STATE OF WATER

18. TEMPERATURE CHANGES VS. CHANGE OF STATE See Figure 7 on page 79 of text Since temperature is a measure of the speed of particles when the temperature of a substance changes, the speed of its particles also changes.

19. TEMPERATURE CHANGES VS. CHANGE OF STATE When a substance changes state its temperature does not change until the change of state is complete.