1. Apparatuses/ Equipments for QDE
Stereoscopic microscope
Hand lens
Shadowgraph machine
Compound microscope
Oblique light
Micrometer caliper
Typewriter test plate
Handwriting portractor

2. Ultraviolet lamp
Transmitted light
Paper cutter
Photo enlarger
Forensic comparator
Photo paper dryer
Camera w/ macro lens
Infra-red image converter
Video spectral comparator (VSC)
Forensic optical comparator
Electrostatic detection apparatus
EXCELLENT EYESIGHT

3. Materials that form a document:
Paper
Ink
Writing Instrument

4. Paper Earliest form—parchment or vellum
papyrus—grass like plant from Egypt
AD 874—earliest manuscript found from Egypt
AD 1049—earliest manuscript found in England

5. Commonly used papers Writing paper pad (common paper) Carbon paper
Heavily coated with waxy layer which hold sufficient coloring matter
Safety paper
Treated to minimize chances of forgery by erasure
Bond paper
Commonly used in typewritten documents
Stationaries
Colored and perfumed, cmmonly used for special letters

6. Ink Earliest ink was in form of vegetable varnish
Oldest type was invented by the Chinese

7. Classes of Ink Indian ink Printing Ink Canceling Ink
Amorphous carbon in the form of lamp-black made into cake with hide glue
Printing Ink
Made by grinding carbon in form of vegetable char with varnish made of natural gums and drying oils
Canceling Ink
Often contains carbon; should be checked when deciphering cancellation marks on postage stamps or wrappers

8. Iron-tannin ink Record Ink Fountain pen ink
Soluble salts of iron mixed with extracts from vegetable materials such as tan bark and nut galls used for tannin hide
Suitable with quill
Record Ink
High quality ink assured of long life
Recommended by Schutting and Neumann in government specification
Contains % iron with minimum concentration of acid
Fountain pen ink
Record ink that contains half concentration of iron compuonds but increased proportion of dye

9. Colored ink Copying ink Logwood ink Hectograph ink
Contains synthetic dye
Copying ink
Concentrated record ink added with glycerin or dextrin
Logwood ink
Formerly widely used but rarely encountered today
80% dye and remainder is iron-tannin ink
Hectograph ink
Contains gelatin glycerol mixture of special clay
Dye is mixed with glucose, glycerol or glycol

10. Stamp-pad ink Liquid lead pencil ink
Similar to hectograph inks but are heavily loaded with hhumectants such as glycerol or glycol which prevents the pad from drying up
May contain solvents such as acetone, methyl alcohol or ethyl acetate for quick drying
Liquid lead pencil ink
Ordinary ball point pen with fluid containing finely divided carbon substituted for dye

11. Writing Instrument Roman beaver Reed pen Goose quill Steel pen
Fountain pen

12. Appearance of Document
Folds and creases
Impressions
From paper clips or stamp pads
Cancellation stamps
Hand stamps of post office
Erasures
Rubbing the surface of the paper resulting in reducing thickness of paper
Surface
Examined in strong sunlight

13. Blots and smears Dimensions Perforations Adhesive stamps
Devised for obscuring forger's intention to hide
Result from contact with other writings
Dimensions
Forgery may be done by trimming a part of document rather that attempting to erase
Perforations
Slight irregularities in tearing
Adhesive stamps
May reveal unsymmetrical outline due to perforations
Holes and tears
May be deliberately made to cover forgery

14. Wire marks and water marks
Identyfying features of a sheet of paper introduced into paper at the early stage of manufacture

15. Definition of terms Document Questioned Document
Any material that contains marks, symbol or signs that convey message or information
Questioned Document
A document which some issues were raised, placed under scrutiny or of doubtful origin
Questioned Document Examination
Act of making a close and critical study of document questioned, disputed, attacked necessary to discover the facts about them

16. Comparison Collation Opinion
Two or more items are set side by side (juxtaposition) to weigh their identifying qualities
Visual and mental act which the element of one item is related to the counterpart of the other
Collation
Ordering or assembling of detailed results of critical comparison of questioned document
Unified result of detailed comparison between different items or forms of information
Opinion
Document examiner's conclusion
Demonstrate the reason for arriving at the opinion

17. Forensic document examiner
Natural variation
Normal or usual deviation found between repeated specimen of any individual handwriting or product of any typewriter
Natural writing
Specimen of writing executed normally without any attempt to control or alter its identifying habits and its usual quality or execution
Forensic document examiner
Anyone who examines adequate exemplars of document and provude conclusions, reasons and photographic demonstrations in court so the court can make its own determination in giving appropriate decision

18. Forensic Document Examiner
Determine if a questioned document originated from the same source as the know item
Present opinion in court as an EXPERT WITNESS
Determine what happened to a document
Determine when a document was procured
Decipher information on a document that has been obscured, obliterated or erased

19. Traits of FDE Excellent eyesight Pass a form blindness test
Normal color perception
Bachelor of Science degree
Training and apprenticeship

20. Responsibilities of FDE
Strive constantly to improve professional standing
Must be certain of technical conclusion
Must avoid outside influences
Must be fair and impartial on the witness stand
Must protect the innocent

21. General Principles in QDE
Documents are questiones, disputed and attacked on many grounds for various reasons
Documents should be preserved, handled and cared for in a manner that will not impair the slightest degree of its value as evidence
QD examination observes phases of specific approacher