1. Plastics and Synthetic Fibres Intermediate 2 Chemistry Unit 2(d)

2. Examples of plastics

3. Polythene [poly(ethene)] Polystyrene Perspex PVC Nylon Bakelite Formica Silicones

4. PVC [poly(vinyl chloride)]

5. Nylon

6. Bakelite

7. Formica

8. Silicones

9. Where do plastics come from? Crude oil –Fractional distillation –Cracking Alkenes

10. Uses related to properties Flexible Watertight Shatter-proof Light

11. Non-biodegradable Can’t be broken down by living things. “ Biopol ” is a recently developed biodegradable plastic.

12. Other problems with plastics Low density Durable Burn or smoulder to give off toxic fumes –Carbon monoxide –Hydrogen chloride –Hydrogen cyanide

13. Types of plastic Thermoplastic – Can be reshaped on heating Thermosetting plastic – Cannot be reshaped on heating

14. Chemistry of plastics Plastics are examples of polymers –These are long chain molecules made from smaller molecules joining together These smaller molecules are called monomers There are two types of polymer: –Addition polymer –Condensation polymer

15. Addition polymers

16. Like all polymers, these are made from monomers. For an addition polymer, these monomers always have a C=C These join together in a reaction called addition polymerisation. –view animationanimation

17. …… MONOMERSPOLYMERS ++ … … 1 23 1 23

18. MONOMERS 1 23 1 2 3 ++ POLYMERS … …

20. Naming polymers The name of the polymer is made by taking the name of the monomer, putting brackets around it, and adding “poly” in front –Poly(ethene) is made from ethene; –Poly(vinyl chloride) is made from vinyl chloride.

21. Naming practice Name the polymer made from: –Propene –Chloroethene Name the monomer used to make: –Poly(heptene) –Poly(phenylethene)

22. Drawing polymers, monomers and the repeating unit

23. C=C H C6H5C6H5 H H H C6H5C6H5 H H H C6H5C6H5 H H Poly(phenylethene)

25. Condensation polymers

26. What type of molecule is produced from an alkanol and alkanoic acid? –Esters Polyesters are made from similar molecules.

27. Polyesters

28. Monomers Must have two functional groups per molecule –For polyesters, they are a diol and a diacid

29. Condensation polymerisation The joining up of two molecules, producing water, is condensation. Because giant molecules are made, this is condensation polymerisation. Specifically with a diol and a diacid, a polyester is produced.

30. Polyamides Are produced when an amine group reacts with a carboxyl group.

32. Amides Formed when an amine reacts with an alkanoic acid. aminecarboxylic acid amide An AMIDE group

33. Polyamides Are condensation polymers. Formed when a diamine reacts with a diacid.

34. Recently developed plastics Kevlar –Very strong Poly(ethenol) –Water soluble Biopol –Biodegradable

35. Kevlar

37. Poly(ethenol)