1. SOC101Y Introduction to Sociology Professor Robert Brym Lecture #14 Families 27 Jan 2010

2.  The nuclear family is composed of a cohabiting man and woman who maintain a socially approved sexual relationship and have at least one child.  In the traditional nuclear family, the wife also works in the home without pay while the husband works outside the home for money. The Nuclear Family

3. The Traditional Nuclear Family and New Alternatives legally married  never married singlehood, nonmarital cohabitation with children  voluntary childlessness two-parent  single-parent permanent  divorce, remarriage male primary provider,  egalitarian (dual-career) ultimate authority sexually exclusive  extramarital relationships heterosexual  same-sex relationships, households

4. The Growing Diversity of Canadian Families, 1931-2001 http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/analytic/companion/fam/family.cfm

5. The Growing Diversity of Canadian Families, 1981-2006 (in percent) 1981 2006

6.  Marriage is a socially approved, presumably long-term, sexual and economic union between a man and a woman. It involves rights and obligations between spouses and between spouses and their children. Marriage

7. The Five Functions of Families  Sexual regulation  Economic cooperation  Reproduction  Socialization  Emotional support

8. Percent “If a man (woman) had all the other qualities you desired, would you marry this person if you were not in love with him (her)?” Willingness to marry without love is more common in traditional than in modern societies.

9. Crude Divorce Rate, Canada, 1921-2005, and Selected Countries, 2005 Divorces per 100,000 population The crude divorce rate is the number of divorces that occur in a year for every 100,000 people in the population. 1968: Divorce law reform 1985: “No fault” divorce law 1987: Peak year

10. Crude Marriage Rate, Canada, 1921-2003 Marriages per 100,000 population The crude marriage rate is the number of marriages that occur in a year for every 100,000 people in the population.

11. Total Fertility Rate, Canada, 1968-2007 Total fertility rate Year The total fertility rate is the average number of children born to women of the same age over their lifetime. (The replacement rate is the number of children each woman must have on average for population size [excluding immigration and emigration] to remain constant [= 2.1]). Historic low

12.  Marxists assert the primacy of class inequality, especially under capitalism, in creating gender inequality in the family: Class inequality Problem of wealth transmission Economic control Sexual control  But feminists assert the priority of patriarchy over class inequality because patriarchy existed in pre-capitalist and communist societies.

13. Total Divorce Rate, Canada, 1993-2003 Divorces per 1,000 marriages by 30 th anniversary Year

14. The Five Bases of Marital Satisfaction  Economic forces  Divorce laws  The family life cycle  Housework and childcare  Sex

15. Family Satisfaction and the Family Life Cycle Family satisfaction (scale 1-5) Men Women

16. Three Factors Account for Emotional Distress among Children of Divorce  High level of parental conflict  Decline in living standards  Absence of a parent

17. Nuclear Family Decline: USA and Sweden USA Sweden median age at first marriage men26.529.4* women24.427.1* percentage of 45-49 population never married men 5.715.4* women 5.1 9.1* nonmarital birth rate25.750.9* 1-parent hshlds among all hshlds with children < 15 25.0*18.0 % of mothers in labor force with children < 3 51.084.0* total fertility rate 2.0 2.0 average household size 2.7 2.2*

18. Child Well-Being: USA and Sweden USA Sweden mean reading performance score at 14 5.1 5.3* % of children in poverty single-mother households 59.5 5.2* two-parent households 11.1 2.2* death rate of infants from abuse 9.8 0.9* suicide rate for children 15-19 (/100,000)11.16.2* juvenile delinquency rate (/100,000) 11.6*12.0 juvenile drug offence rate (/100,000) 558 241*