1. 1 Assignment 3: Micro Teaching Digital Presentation (Microsoft Power Point) Mabell J. Martinez ETEC 546 The purpose of this assignment is that each scholar to develop a micro teaching digital presentation (Microsoft PowerPoint) in order to maintain a productive learning environment, everyone who teaches needs to know how to lecture using presentation software. Such software can add a great deal to the effectiveness of a lecture and teaching.

2. 2 The Immune System By Mabell J. Martinez

3. 3 Involves WBC’s (Leukocytes) Granular and Agranular cells

4. 4 White Blood Cells

5. 5 Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil GRANULAR Phagocytize bacteria Increase in number during allergic reaction Release histamine when stimulated; help prevent blood clots

6. 6 Monocyte Lymphocyte AGRANULAR Produce antibodies, attack viruses & bacteria directly Largest WBC’s; enlarge and become macrophages that engulf bacteria

7. 7 Two Types of Defense Mechanisms 1. Nonspecific –provides general protection against pathogens (disease causing microorganisms including fungi, bacteria, protozoa, viruses); act rapidly  Ex.barriers: skin, mucous linings acid secretions acid secretions inflammation, phagocytes, cytokines

8. 8 Two Types of Defense Mechanisms 2. Specific – Specifically made to attack antigens (substances capable of stimulating an immune response) – Take longer than nonspecific mechanisms, but highly effective – Referred to as: immune responses

9. 9 Two types of SPECIFIC Defense Mechanisms Cell-Mediated Immunity Cell-Mediated Immunity –Lymphocytes called T cells attack tumor cells and cells infected by invading pathogens Antibody-mediated Immunity Antibody-mediated Immunity –Lymphocytes called B cells mature into plasma cells that produce antibodies

10. 10 Cell Mediated Immunity Depend on Lymphocytes and Phagocytes (include neutrophils and macrophages) Depend on Lymphocytes and Phagocytes (include neutrophils and macrophages) Three types of lymphocytes: Three types of lymphocytes: 1.T Cells 2.B Cells 3.NK cells (natural killer)

11. 11 Made from stem cells in bone marrow Made from stem cells in bone marrow Stop at thymus gland for processing and are now capable of immunological response Stop at thymus gland for processing and are now capable of immunological response Cell Mediated Immunity: T cells

12. 12 T Cells include: T Cells include: 1.CD8 cells  cytoxic T cells (T c )- recognize, destroy cells with foreign antigens on their surfaces  suppressor T cells (T s )- release cytokines that inhibit activity of other T cells and B cells Cell Mediated Immunity: T cells cont’d

13. 13 Cytotoxic T cell

14. 14 Cell Mediated Immunity: T cells cont’d T Cells include: T Cells include: 1.CD4 cells (helper T cells)- secrete substances that activate/enhance immune response 2.We have 500+ per drop of blood Human T lymphocyte

15. 15 HIV Attacks CD4 Cells HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) attaches to CD4 receptors and destroys helper T cells HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) attaches to CD4 receptors and destroys helper T cells Over time T cells decrease in number Over time T cells decrease in number Therefore, T cells’ ability to resist infection is lowered Therefore, T cells’ ability to resist infection is lowered Less than 200 T cells per drop of blood and/or infections and cancers= AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) Less than 200 T cells per drop of blood and/or infections and cancers= AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

16. 16 HIV virus attacking T cell

17. 17 HIV Virus

18. 18 HIV infected T cells

19. 19 Made and mature in bone marrow Made and mature in bone marrow Carry receptors needed to bind with a specific type of antigen Carry receptors needed to bind with a specific type of antigen When it binds to antigen, it divides and develop into plasma cells that secrete antibodies When it binds to antigen, it divides and develop into plasma cells that secrete antibodies Cell Mediated Immunity: B cells

20. 20 Large, granular lymphocytes Large, granular lymphocytes Made in bone marrow and differentiate outside thymus Made in bone marrow and differentiate outside thymus Kill target cells by nonspecific/specific processes Kill target cells by nonspecific/specific processes Destroy by puncturing cell membrane Destroy by puncturing cell membrane Do not require antigen presentation Do not require antigen presentation Cell Mediated Immunity: NK cells

21. 21 Natural Killer Cells

22. 22

23. 23 Phagocytes:Macrophages Digests most of bacterial antigens and antigens displayed on surface of macrophage Digests most of bacterial antigens and antigens displayed on surface of macrophage An antigen presenting cell (APC) because it displays bacterial antigens and its own surface proteins An antigen presenting cell (APC) because it displays bacterial antigens and its own surface proteins Important in nonspecific and specific defense responses Important in nonspecific and specific defense responses

24. 24 Macrophage attacking E. coli

25. 25 Ability to Recognize Self Depends on: MHC (major histocompatibility complex) MHC (major histocompatibility complex) In humans: HLA (human leukocyte antigen group) In humans: HLA (human leukocyte antigen group) These are membrane proteins with so many combinations that only identical twins are likely to have same MHC proteins These are membrane proteins with so many combinations that only identical twins are likely to have same MHC proteins

26. 26 MHC classes Class I antigens- found on most nucleated cells and important in distinguishing self and nonself Class I antigens- found on most nucleated cells and important in distinguishing self and nonself Class II- antigens found only on immune system cells Class II- antigens found only on immune system cells –They regulate interactions among T, B, and antigen-presenting cells –Bind with peptides Class III- include components of complement system Class III- include components of complement system

27. 27 Antibody-Mediated Immunity B cells can produce specific antibodies B cells can produce specific antibodies Antibodies (Immunoglobulins: Ig) are specific proteins that respond to antigens Antibodies (Immunoglobulins: Ig) are specific proteins that respond to antigens –They do not destroy antigen, just label it for destruction

28. 28 Antibody

29. 29 Five Classes of Antibodies IgG- 75% of antibodies IgG- 75% of antibodies IgM- both IgG and IgM stimulate macrophages and activate the complement system IgM- both IgG and IgM stimulate macrophages and activate the complement system IgA- present in mucus, tears, saliva, milk, prevents viruses and bacteria from attaching to epithelial surfaces IgA- present in mucus, tears, saliva, milk, prevents viruses and bacteria from attaching to epithelial surfaces

30. 30 IgD- low concentration in plasma; helps activate B cells following antigen binding IgD- low concentration in plasma; helps activate B cells following antigen binding IgE- releases histamine when antigen binds to it; immunity to invading parasitic worms IgE- releases histamine when antigen binds to it; immunity to invading parasitic worms Five Classes of Antibodies cont’d

31. 31 ABO Blood Groups I A I A, I A i O = Blood type A that has antigen A, antibody against type B I A I A, I A i O = Blood type A that has antigen A, antibody against type B I B I B, I B i O = Blood type B that has antigen B, antibody A I B I B, I B i O = Blood type B that has antigen B, antibody A I A I B = Blood type AB that has antigen A & B and no antibodies I A I B = Blood type AB that has antigen A & B and no antibodies i O i O =Blood type O, no antigens, A & antibodies i O i O =Blood type O, no antigens, A & antibodies

32. 32 ABO Blood Groups

33. 33 Type O: No clumping in blood drops A or B Type A: Clumping in blood drop A with anti-A antibodies Type B: Clumping in blood drop B with anti-B antibodies Type AB: Clumping in both blood drops A and B Testing ABO Blood Types

34. 34 Immunity (Two Types) Active Active – developed after exposure to antigens –Naturally such as after contracting disease –Artificially through immunization –Develops memory cells and immunity lasts many years

35. 35 Immunity (Two Types) Passive Passive –Individual given antibodies actively produced by another organism –Does not produce memory cells –Immunity lasts only a few months; temporary

36. 36 Reference Solomon, E.P., Berg, L.R, Martin, D.W., and Villee, C. 1996. Biology 4 th Ed. Saunders College Publishing, FL. Solomon, E.P., Berg, L.R, Martin, D.W., and Villee, C. 1996. Biology 4 th Ed. Saunders College Publishing, FL.

37. 37 Immune System QUIZ!! What are the two types defense mechanisms? What are the two types defense mechanisms? –Specific (s pecifically made to attack antigens and nonspecific ( provides general protection against pathogens) What are the two types of SPECIFIC defense mechanisms and what are major cells involved? What are the two types of SPECIFIC defense mechanisms and what are major cells involved? –Cell mediated (T cells) & antibody mediated (B cells)

38. 38 Quiz Continued What are the three types of lymphocytes used in cell-mediated immunity? What are the three types of lymphocytes used in cell-mediated immunity? 1.T Cells 2.B Cells 3.NK cells (natural killer) Does blood type A contain antibodies against type A? Does blood type A contain antibodies against type A? –No, blood type A that has antigen A; antibody against type B

39. 39 Last of Quiz Questions Explain the process of blood typing using the antibodies A and B. How does one know what blood type they are? Explain the process of blood typing using the antibodies A and B. How does one know what blood type they are? Name and describe the two types of immunity. Name and describe the two types of immunity. –Passive, active

40. 40 ETEC 546 CA 3 CRITERIAASSIGNED POINTS Media enhances presentation (text, graphics, images, and sound) X 10 Substance and quality of presentation (depth of video, technical analysis, overall effort, etc.) X 20 Style, design, layout, uniqueness, etc. X 10 Includes at least ten different slides in presentation X 20 Type with substance and quality of thought (depth of discussion, critical analysis, etc.) X 20 Grammar and Style (correct punctuation, grammar, appropriateness, etc.) X 10 Overall quality (text, color, and background are pleasing) X 10 TOTAL TOTAL/100 LETTER GRADE