1. www.soran.edu.iq Industrial chemistry Kazem.R.Abodollah (Asiaban) Introduction to Industrial chemistry 1

2. www.soran.edu.iq 2 The importance of Industrial chemistry

3. www.soran.edu.iq 3 The contents Introduction to chemistry and industry chemistry Oil and petrochemical The Haber Process & The Ostwald Process Soap, Detergents and Surfactants Carcinogens Nanotechnology: Fundamental Principles and Applications Polymers Rubber Synthetic Organic Chemicals Nuclear Chemistry Pollution

4. www.soran.edu.iq 4 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

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7. 7 Ionic compound and Ionic bond Sodium chloride model This model of a sodium chloride crystal illustrates the 1 : 1 packing of the Na and Cl ions.

8. www.soran.edu.iq 8 Examples of molecular and structural formulas, molecular models, and electrostatic potential maps Three common molecules—water, ammonia, and ethanol—are shown. Covalent bond

9. www.soran.edu.iq 9 Metallic Bond

10. www.soran.edu.iq 10 It is convenient for many purposes to regard an atom in a metal as having a definite size, which may be defined by the distance between its center and that of its neighbor. This distance is that at which the various forces acting on the atom are in equilibrium. In a metal, the forces can be considered as – (a) the attractive forces between electrons & positive ions, – (b) the repulsion between the complete electron shells of the positive ions, & – (c) the repulsion between the positive ions as a result of their similar positive charges.

11. www.soran.edu.iq 11 Secondary Atomic & Molecular Bonds [Van der Waals Bonds] Permanent Dipole Bonds – Weak intermolecular bonds are formed between molecules which possess permanent dipoles. – A dipole exists in a molecule if there is asymmetry in its electron density distribution. Fluctuating Dipole Bonds – Weak electric dipole bonding can take place among atoms due to an instantaneous asymmetrical distribution of electron densities around their nuclei. – This type of bonding is termed fluctuation since the electron density is continuously changing.

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