1. PRESENTED BY: Natsha Smith, School Psychologist Keren Kreitzer, School Psychologist Going Deeper with Problem Identification using the SDF

2. Agenda Components of Problem ID Use the SDF to document Problem ID Intervention Design & Implementation based on Problem ID

3. Behavior Problem Identification All Behavior is a form of communication for the student We may not like the way the student is communicating, but we must hear the message The student’s message is reflected in the function of the behavior

4. Key Components of Problem Identification Stage Identify the behavior Assess the behavior Develop hypothesis statements Set goals

5. Identify the Behavior Define the problem Prioritize problems Don’t rush to solution Reach agreement on the problem Elicit problem relevant information Establish a climate of trust, respect & collaboration

6. Defining Behaviors “What behaviors are interfering with the child’s education?” Use concrete, observable terms Do not use subjective terms like “disruptive behaviors” as a definition

7. Assess the Behavior Gather baseline frequency, severity, and duration of problem behavior (3-5 points within 2 weeks) When is the problem likely and not likely to occur What events typically happen before and after the problem behavior occurs (ABC data)

8. A ntecedents to the challenging behavior “What are the fast triggers for challenging behaviors?” Include: 1. what child was doing before the behavior 2. who else was in the area 3. what were others’ doing 4. what was said to the child (tone of voice, words used, how many times said, types of prompts) 5. what time of day

9. C onsequences to the challenging behaviors “What events typically follow the challenging behaviors?” Include: 1. planned responses by adults 2. unplanned responses by adults 3. responses of others in the area (peers) 4. words used, tone of voice, affective reactions

10. Contributing Factors for Challenging Behaviors “What other factors are impacting the child’s behavior?” Can include: 1. medication issues 2. allergies 3. sensory issues 4. anxiety, impulsivity, or trouble attending

11. Develop Hypothesis Statements Consider whether the problem may be related to specific academic, social, and behavior skill deficits Identify “why” the behavior exists (hypothesis for function of behavior) Look for patterns and inconsistencies Look for strengths, needs and student characteristics

12. Determine Instructional Match Student Task Instruction When a gap exists between what a student knows and is able to do and what the learning environment demands, we have an instructional mismatch and need to intervene to make a match.

13. Set Goals Based on your baseline data, establish 4-6 week, intermittent and long term goals which include criteria for success Determine how data will be collected for progress monitoring. Is it the same as the data collected for baseline? Who is responsible for data collection? Who is responsible for data analysis? Decide how frequently the data will be recorded Identify a location for keeping all data Set dates for regular reviews of data

14. SDF Graph Will you graph all 3 behaviors on one sheet? Can color code behaviors Or fill out 3 separate graphs How often will the progress be recorded? (recommended to graph weekly but can be daily) Draw aim line (visual representation of short term goal) At the 4 week goal date - review progress. Were goals met? Capture discussion on back of SDF (summary of meeting, follow up activities, next meeting date/time)

15. Behavior Intervention Design & Implementation Develop intervention strategies based on hypothesis, function of behavior and goals Document on SDF (when, how often, person responsible) Can think of strategies in terms of antecedent management, responsive and educative

16. Purpose of Antecedent Management To reduce the level and the frequency of the challenging behaviors To reduce the level of frustration and anxiety for the child Once the child is calmer, he is more able to learn alternatives to challenging behaviors

17. Purpose of Educative Strategies To teach the child alternatives to challenging behaviors Functions should be addressed--teach the child a new skill (educative strategy) to achieve the same function

18. Purpose of Responsive Strategies To motivate the child to use the educative strategies to achieve the functions instead of the challenging behaviors  Use preferred consequences to motivate To discourage the child from using challenging behaviors  Use non-preferred consequences to discourage

19. Responsive Strategies Think about the function of the behavior Establish a hierarchy of responses to behaviors Let the “punishment” fit the “crime” Remember: “The most severe consequence for a student is the removal of a reinforcer” (--M. Wheeler)

20. Managing Antecedents Antecedents: 1. Writing tasks 2. 2 or more adults giving directions 3. Saying “no” 4. 30-45 minutes time on task required 5. Unsure of what’s next Strategies: 1. ? 2. ? 3. ? 4. ? 5. ?

21. Examples of Antecedent Management Strategies 1. For Writing Tasks: Teach child to use graphic organizers Give choices (paper, medium, how many) Use multiple choice, fill-ins, and word banks in response format Explore the use of technology to facilitate written expression (word processing, Co-Writer, Intellikeys, etc)

22. Examples of Antecedent Management Strategies 2. For over-stimulating delivery of directions: Only adult directs at a time Allow ample processing time No “rapid fire” directions Use “speak and retreat” to direct noncompliance and avoid a power struggle

23. Examples of Antecedent Management Strategies 3. For saying “no”: Use “first, then”, if appropriate “First math problems, then get a drink” Use positive language when directing the child “Hands on the desk” instead of “Don’t hit me!”

24. Examples of Antecedent Management Strategies 4. When “excessive” time on task is required: Add movement breaks to the child’s daily schedule Use jobs to foster self-esteem and give the child a movement opportunity Chunk activities so that “excessive” time on task is not required

25. Examples of Antecedent Management Strategies 5. When the child is unsure of what’s next: Clarify expectations using task check lists Teach the child to use an individual daily schedule Create and review social stories with the child to clarify routines and expectations

26. Purpose of Educative Strategies To teach the child alternatives to challenging behaviors Functions should be addressed--teach the child a new skill (educative strategy) to achieve the same function

27. Examples of Educative Strategies Functions: 1. To communicate feelings 2. To gain peer attention 3. To gain staff attention 4. To gain a preferred item Educative Strategies: 1. ? 2. ? 3. ? 4. ?

28. Examples of Educative Strategies 1. To communicate feelings: Use social stories to introduce feelings language Use role plays to help children identify feelings Use comic strip conversations to help children understand triggers for feelings

29. Examples of Educative Strategies 2. To gain peer attention: Use social stories to introduce a peer interaction skill Use role plays to practice a peer interaction skill Teach the child to use “outer voice” statements to gain peer attention

30. Examples of Educative Strategies 3. To gain staff attention: Teach child to ask for help using “outer voice statements” and raising hand Introduce the concept using social stories Practice asking for help using role plays Encourage asking for help using reinforcement system

31. Examples of Educative Strategies 4. To gain a preferred item: Child can gain most preferred items using a reinforcement system Introduce the way to gain the item using social stories (“How I earn my reward”)

32. Purpose of Responsive Strategies To motivate the child to use the educative strategies to achieve the functions instead of the challenging behaviors  Use preferred consequences to motivate To discourage the child from using challenging behaviors  Use non-preferred consequences to discourage

33. Examples of Responsive Strategies--Preferred To motivate the use of new skills: Praise specifically and frequently Shape behavior by praising approximations of desired behaviors Use behavioral momentum Use a reinforcement system with tangible rewards

34. Examples of Responsive Strategies--Non- preferred To discourage the use of challenging behaviors: Use natural consequences with teaching components Use a hierarchy of consequences for a hierarchy of behaviors Examples include ignoring with redirection, delay of rewards, loss of rewards Use “practice sessions” instead of detentions Use “time-away” or “quiet time” to help the child calm

35. Responsive Strategies--Reminders Do not expect school suspensions to discourage challenging behaviors Remember that loss of a reward is an extremely powerful consequence Don’t create “secondary gains” through your own affective responses Do not give a student who is trying to escape a punitive “time-out”

36. Evaluate the Effectiveness of the Plan Review all data carefully Look for patterns and inconsistencies Identify key elements for success Are the goals being achieved? Is the plan being implemented consistently? Are there increases in academic performance? Were the reinforcers effective?

37. Modify or Terminate the Plan Base all decisions on data Do goals need to be revised? Were the interventions implemented with integrity and consistency? Are the hypothesis accurate? Did we identify the correct problems? What else?