1. Language and Perception Ling 411 – 16

2. Language and Perception: 3 Topics  The representation of phonological information needed for perception of syllables  Phonological recognition vs phonological perception  Influence of language on non-linguistic perception

3. Language and Perception: Topics  The representation of phonological information needed for perception of syllables  Phonological recognition vs phonological perception  Influence of language on non-linguistic perception

4. Demisyllables [di, de, da, du] F1 and F2 For [de] It is unlikely that [d] is represented as a unit in perception

5. Different sizes in cortical column structure  Minicolumn The smallest unit 70-110 neurons  Functional column Variable size – depends on experience Intermediate between minicolumn and maxicolumn  Maxicolumn (a.k.a. column) 100 to a few hundred minicolumns  Hypercolumn Several contiguous maxicolumns

6. Functional columns: a hypothesis  The minicolumns within a maxicolumn respond to a common set of features  Functional columns are intermediate in size between minicolumns and maxicolumns  Different functional columns within a maxicolumn are distinct because of non- shared additional features Shared within the functional column Not shared with the rest of the maxicolumn Mountcastle: “The neurons of a [maxi]column have certain sets of static and dynamic properties in common, upon which others that may differ are superimposed.”

7. Similarly..  Neurons of a hypercolumn may have similar response features, upon which others that differ may be superimposed  Result is maxicolumns in the hypercolumn sharing certain basic features while differing with respect to others  Such maxicolumns may be further subdivided into functional columns on the basis of additional features  That is, this columnar structure is representing categories and subcategories

8. Hypercolums: Modules of maxicolumns A homotypical area in the temporal lobe of a macaque monkey Category (hypercolumn) Subcategory (can be further subdivided)

9. Perceptual subcategories and columnar subdivisions of larger columns  Nodal specificity applies for maxicolumns as well as for minicolumns  The adjacency hypothesis likewise applies to larger categories and columns Adjacency applies for adjacent maxicolumns  Subcategories of a category have similar function Therefore their cardinal nodes should be in adjacent locations

10. Functional columns in phonological recognition A hypothesis  Demisyllable (e.g. /de-/) activates a maxicolumn  Different functional columns within the maxicolumn for syllables with this demisyllable /ded/, /deb/, /det/, /dek/, /den/, /del/

11. Functional columns in phonological recognition A hypothesis [de-] A maxicolumn (ca. 100 minicolumns) Divided into functional columns (Note that all respond to /de-/) deb ded den de- det del dek

12. Phonological hypercolumns (a hypothesis)  Maybe we have Hypercolumn of contiguous maxicolumns for /e/ With maxicolumns for /de-/, /be-/, etc. Each such maxicolumn subdivided into functional columns for different finals  /det/, /ded/, /den/, /deb/, /dem/. /dek/  N.B.: This is a hypothesis, not proven But there is indirect evidence Maybe someday soon we’ll be able to test with sensitive brain imaging

13. Adjacent maxicolumns in phonological cortex? ge- ke- be- pe- te- de- A module of six contiguous maxicolumns Each of these maxicolumns is divided into functional columns Note that the entire module responds to [-e-] Hypercolum

14. Adjacent maxicolumns in phonological cortex? ge- ke- be- pe- te- de- A module of six contiguous maxicolumns The entire module responds to [-e-] deb ded den de- det del dek The entire maxicolumn responds to [de-]

15. Functional columns in phonological recognition: A hypothesis  Demisyllable (e.g. /de-/) activates a maxicolumn  Different functional columns within the maxicolumn for syllables with this demisyllable /ded/, /deb/, /det/, /dek/, /den/, /del/ REVIEW

16. Learning phonological distinctions: A hypothesis ge- ke- be- pe- te- de- 1. In learning, this hypercolumn gets established first, responding to [-e-] 2. It gets subdivided into maxicolumns for demisyllables deb ded den de- det del dek 3. The maxicolumn gets divided into functional columns

17. Remaining problems – lateral inhibition  When a hypercolumn is first recruited, no lateral inhibition among its internal subdivisions  Later, when finer distinctions are learned, they get reinforced by lateral inhibition  Problem: How does this work?

18. Indirect evidence for the hypothesis  Fits the structural organization demonstrated in monkey vision  Cortical structure and function have a high degree of uniformity  MEG is able to pick up different locations in Wernicke’s area for different vowels MEG can only detect activity of at least 10,000 contiguous apical dendrites (Papanicolaou)  Requires perhaps at least 250 adjacent minicolumns  The size of a maxicolumn or hypercolumn

19. Language and Perception: Topics  The representation of phonological information needed for perception of syllables  Phonological recognition vs phonological perception  Influence of language on non-linguistic perception

20. Perception – Refining a simple-minded view 1. Not just bottom-up Top-down processing fills in unsensed details 2. Not confined to a single perceptual modality The McGurk effect  Visual input affects auditory perception Conceptual structure affects auditory perception 3. Not even confined to posterior cortex Can also use motor neurons  Experiment: left hand or right hand?  Mirror neurons

21. Perception – Refining a simple-minded view 1. Not just bottom-up Top-down processing fills in unsensed details 2. Not confined to a single perceptual modality The McGurk effect  Visual input affects auditory perception Conceptual structure affects auditory perception 3. Not even confined to posterior cortex Can also use motor neurons  Experiment: left hand or right hand?  Mirror neurons

22. Top-down processing in perception T CUP MADE OF GLASS CERAMICSHORT HAS HANDLE Properties Conceptual and perceptual information Node for CUP in conceptual area for drinking vessels Visual properties are in occipital and lower temporal areas

23. Bidirectional processing and inference T CUP MADE OF GLASS CERAMIC SHORT HANDLE These connections are bidirectional

24. Bidirectional processing and inference T CUP SHORT HANDLE Thought process: 1. The cardinal concept node is activated by a subset of its property nodes 2. Feed-backward processing activates other property nodes Consequence: We “apprehend” properties that are not actually present in the sensory input

25. Perception – Refining a simple-minded view 1. Perception is not just bottom-up Top-down processing fills in unsensed details 2. It is not confined to a single perceptual modality The McGurk effect  Visual input affects auditory perception Conceptual structure affects auditory perception 3. It is not even confined to posterior cortex Can also use motor neurons  Motor activation in speech perception  Mirror neurons

26. The McGurk Effect  Acoustic syllable [ba] presented to subjects  with visual presentation of articulatory gestures for [ga]  Subjects typically heard [da] or [ga]  “Evidence has accumulated that visual speech modifies activity in the auditory cortex, even in the primary auditory cortex.” Mikko Sams (2006) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aFPtc8BVdJk

27. Perception depends mainly on cortical structures already present before sensory input “Perception is hallucination constrained by sensory data” Shepherd

28. Perception – Refining a simple-minded view 1. Not just bottom-up Top-down processing fills in unsensed details 2. Not confined to a single perceptual modality The McGurk effect  Visual input affects auditory perception Conceptual structure affects auditory perception 3. Not even confined to posterior cortex Can also use motor neurons  Experiment: left hand or right hand?  Mirror neurons

29. Left hand or right hand?

33. Left or right hand?  Imaging experiment  Subjects were shown pictures of one hand  Asked to identify: left or right  Functional imaging showed increased CBF in hand area of motor cortex Peter Fox, ca. 2000

34. Motor structures in perception  The left-hand vs. right-hand experiment  ‘Mirror neurons’ in motor cortex  Articulation as aid to phonological perception  Articulation in reading  Motor activity in listening to music  Watching an athletic event

35. Mirror Neurons  NY Times: “One mystery remains: What makes them so smart?” (Jan. 10, 2006)  Answer: They are not smart in themselves Their apparent smartness is a result of their position: at top of a hierarchy Compare:  The general of an army  The head of a business  Similarly, high-level conceptual nodes The “grandmother node”

36. Mirror Neurons  What makes mirror neurons appear to be special? Ans.: They receive input from visual perception The superior longitudinal fasciculus  Connects visual perception to motor areas  How can a motor neuron receive perceptual input? Motor neurons are supposed to operate top- down Answer: bidirectional processing  They also receive perceptual information Bottom-up processing

37. Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus From O. D. Creutzfeldt, Cortex Cerebri (1995)

38. Are some neurons “smarter” than others?  Claim: A grandmother node would have to be very smart Identifies very complex object Even in many varieties  Alternative: the head of a hierarchy It is the hierarchy as a whole that has those ‘smarts’ Similarly, mirror neurons  They get visual input since they are connected to visual areas Superior longitudinal fasciculus

39. Implications of hierarchical organization  Nodes at a high level in a hierarchy may give the appearance of being very “smart”  This appearance is a consequence of their position — at top of hierarchy  As the top node in a hierarchy, a node has the processing power of the whole hierarchy Grandmother nodes Mirror neurons Compare:  The general of an army  The head of a business organization

40. Multi-Modal Perception 1. Perception is not just bottom-up Top-down processing fills in unsensed details 2. It is not confined to a single perceptual modality The McGurk effect  Visual input affects auditory perception Conceptual structure affects auditory perception 3. It is not even confined to posterior cortex Can also use motor neurons  Motor activation in speech perception  Mirror neurons

41. A terminological problem  We need to distinguish Perception narrowly conceived  The basic process of recognition  Single perceptual modality  Bottom-up processing  No motor involvement Perception broadly conceived  Two different terms needed Recognition (a.k.a. ‘microperception’)  Bottom-up process in a single perceptual modality Perception (the broad conception) (a.k.a. ‘macroperception’)

42. Microperception and macroperception  Microperception A.k.a. recognition The local process of integrating features Performed in one perceptual modality Bottom-up  Macroperception The overall process of perception Uses multiple modalities Uses top-down processing

43. Perceptual structures in motor production  Perceptual structure is used in two ways 1. Planning (e.g. visualizing while painting) 2. Monitoring  Examples Phonological recognition in speech production  Cf. Wernicke’s aphasia Painting Musical production Baseball, soccer, tennis, etc.

44. Language and Perception: Topics  The representation of phonological information needed for perception of syllables  Phonological recognition vs phonological perception  Influence of language on non-linguistic perception

45. Different languages categorize differently  Grammatical gender  Rocks  Plural vs. distributive  Time as metaphorical space  Bells  Time Examples:

46. Grammatical Gender  English: None  French: Masculine, Feminine  German: Masculine, Feminine, Neuter  Oneida: Masculine Feminine-Zoic Feminine-Inanimate

47. Genders in Oneida (Iroquoian)  Masculine  Feminine-Zoic Women from puberty to menopause Animals  Feminine-Inanimate Little girls Old women Inanimate objects

48. Rocks English rock rocks tyhpi tyhtyhpi Monachi

49. Bells – English and French  cloche(of a church)  clochette(on a cow)  sonnette(of a door)  grelot(of a sleigh)  timbre(on a desk)  glas(to announce a death)

50. The Diversity of ‘Time’  What time is it?  How many times did you go to France?  She spends a lot of time in front of the mirror.  In the time of the Crusades…  At that time, she was sick.  Quelle heure est-il?  Combien de fois es-tu allé en France?  Elle passe beaucoup de temps devant le miroir.  A l’epoque des Croidades…  A ce moment-là, elle était malade.

51. Language and (Visual) Perception PhonologicalPhonological Object ProductionPerception Categories Vision Language N.B.: These connections are bidirectional

52. Bidirectional connections  An established finding from neuroanatomy  Most corticocortical connections are bidirectional  It’s not because the connecting nerve fibers (axons) are themselves bidirectional  It’s because we find different but roughly parallel fibers going in opposite directions Review

53. Recent experiments of Kay et al.  Experiments at UC Berkeley Color perception: do difference in color naming across languages influence color perception?  Main finding: Lateralized influence of language on perception Response time faster for between-category discrimination – especially for RVF presentation A left hemisphere (RVF) phenomenon green blue

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