1. HOW DO VIRUSES CROSS THE SPECIES BARRIER? Rachel Rezabek

2. How a Virus Works  Viruses cannot survive without a host cell  Once in contact with a host cell…  Inserts genetic material  Produces viruses rather than normal products  Happens due to specific shapes (epitope receptors) present on the surface of the virus http://jonlieffmd.com/blog /intelligent-virus-tricks http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over- 11s/human-body/2011/08/a-super-drug-for-a-super- bug.aspx

3. Virus-Host Interaction  Interactions necessary…  Host-host [different species] Contact must occur  Virus-host Must get past the new host’s immune system  Host-host [same species] Must interact and pass on the mutated virus  This jump cannot occur without mutations http://mmbr.asm.org/content/72/3/457/F3.expa nsion.html

4. Bird Flu  Passed through bodily secretions  Many different subtypes  Dependent on the protein on the surface (HA and NA)  Humans cannot defend against certain variations of these proteins  Not all strains survive today  Some major strains include… H3N8- first known outbreak H5N1- most recent major outbreak (2003)  Birds have been hunted to help prevent further contact and outbreaks http://hardinmd.lib.uiowa.edu/cdc/8036.html

5. Swine Flu  Originated from pigs  Contact caused mutation that allowed it to spread  Also known as the H1N1 virus  Most common strain  First present in 1918, reappeared in 1977  Killed 20-40 million people http://web.gccaz.edu/~jeffj15471/

6. Works Cited "Avian Influenza (Flu)." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 21 Nov. 2012. Web. 17 Jan. 2015. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/facts.htm. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/facts.htm "Bird Flu - Haemagglutinin." InterPro. The European Bioinformatics Institute, n.d. Web. 11 Jan. 2015.. "Introduction to the Viruses." Introduction to the Viruses. University of California, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2015.. "LABORATORY OF VIROLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE." The Rockefeller University » Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease. Rockefeller University, n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2015.. McDowall, Jennifer. "T Cell Receptors." InterPro. Virginia Institute of Technology, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2015.. "Origin of 2009 H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu): Questions and Answers." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 25 Nov. 2009. Web. 20 Jan. 2015..