1. Adolf Meyer and George Barton OT513: Analysis and Adaptation of Occupation November 18, 2009 Kara Schreier, Danielle Sotelo, Stephanie Troiano, Laura Seidel

2. Adolf Meyer: Background Born on September 13, 1866 in Niederweningen, Switzerland Born on September 13, 1866 in Niederweningen, Switzerland 1892: 1892: Received his medical degree from the University of Zurich Received his medical degree from the University of Zurich Emigrated to the United States Emigrated to the United States Wrote The Philosophy of Occupational Therapy in 1922 Wrote The Philosophy of Occupational Therapy in 1922 Died March 17, 1950 at his home in Baltimore Died March 17, 1950 at his home in Baltimore

3. “Our role consists in giving opportunities rather than prescriptions. There must be opportunities to work, opportunities to do, to plan and create, and to use material” (Gordon, 2009).

4. Connection to OT Believed in individualized treatment Believed in individualized treatment Believed in naturalistic and humanistic treatment approach Believed in naturalistic and humanistic treatment approach Worried doctors prescribe medication instead of taking time to treat each patient and understand them as a person Worried doctors prescribe medication instead of taking time to treat each patient and understand them as a person Believed in using patient’s individual assets to counter mental illness Believed in using patient’s individual assets to counter mental illness The “work cure” The “work cure” Helped develop philosophy of OT Helped develop philosophy of OT

5. Meyer and the value of OT Mental illness reflects “problems in living”- importance of occupation to mental health Time use matters- “systematic engagement of interest and concern about the use of time and work was an obligation and a necessity” Engaging in occupations helps person to integrate and participate in society

6. Meyer and Modern OT Emphasis on a client-centered approach Focus on occupational balance Healthy living is a blend of work and pleasure The importance of adaptation, for the person, the environment, and the occupation Recognizing sleep as meaningful occupation The fundamentals of life: “Work and play and rest and sleep”

7. George Barton : Background Born 1871- Brookline, MA Born 1871- Brookline, MA Died 1923 Died 1923

8. Connection to OT Architect Architect Boston Society of Arts and Crafts Boston Society of Arts and Crafts Little formal medical experience Little formal medical experience Experience through personal illness, nursing, and independent study Experience through personal illness, nursing, and independent study First exposure to OT in Clifton Springs Sanatorium- Reverend Elwood Worcester First exposure to OT in Clifton Springs Sanatorium- Reverend Elwood Worcester

9. Influence on the Profession 1914- Consolation House 1914- Consolation House Work as rehabilitation: “He used his own body as a clinic to work out the problem of rehabilitating himself” ( Quiroga, 1995, p. 118). Work as rehabilitation: “He used his own body as a clinic to work out the problem of rehabilitating himself” ( Quiroga, 1995, p. 118). Grading occupations, energy conservation strategies, efficiency Grading occupations, energy conservation strategies, efficiency 1915- coined the term “occupational therapy” 1915- coined the term “occupational therapy” “If there is an occupational disease, why not an occupational therapy?” (Reed & Sanderson, 1999) “If there is an occupational disease, why not an occupational therapy?” (Reed & Sanderson, 1999) 1917- NSPOT- President and chair of Committee on Research and Efficiency 1917- NSPOT- President and chair of Committee on Research and Efficiency Treat the “whole person” Treat the “whole person” Occupation as a drug Occupation as a drug

11. Major Contributions Rehabilitation can be achieved through work and productivity Rehabilitation can be achieved through work and productivity Used OT to work with the physically disabled Used OT to work with the physically disabled Energy conservation practices Energy conservation practices Founded NSPOT Founded NSPOT

12. Additional Accomplishments Cured his paralysis Cured his paralysis Consolation House Consolation House “He wanted to ‘raise the cry that it is time for humanity to cease regarding the hospital as a door closing upon a life…’” ( Reed & Sanderson, 1999 ) “He wanted to ‘raise the cry that it is time for humanity to cease regarding the hospital as a door closing upon a life…’” ( Reed & Sanderson, 1999 )

13. Value of OT Medicine only healed illness and patients left hospital completely dependent- OT gives people a purpose Medicine only healed illness and patients left hospital completely dependent- OT gives people a purpose Productive and meaningful activity speeds recovery Productive and meaningful activity speeds recovery A good occupation is one that “promoted physical improvement, clarified and strengthened the mind and could become the basis or the corollary of a new life upon recovery” (Peloquin, 1991). A good occupation is one that “promoted physical improvement, clarified and strengthened the mind and could become the basis or the corollary of a new life upon recovery” (Peloquin, 1991). Injury or illness does not mean life is over. Work can create a new meaningful and purposeful life. Injury or illness does not mean life is over. Work can create a new meaningful and purposeful life.

14. End of Life 1918-Resigned from presidency 1918-Resigned from presidency 1918- married 1918- married Continued as chair of Research and Efficiency Committee of NSPOT Continued as chair of Research and Efficiency Committee of NSPOT 1923- died from tuberculosis 1923- died from tuberculosis

15. Activity!... But first, read this: "The diagnosis would suggest the prescription: the proper occupation in the proportion necessary to produce the desired physical, mental, and spiritual results. Barton believed that any prescription from materia medica…could be translated into occupational terms. He explained that if medicine prescribed benzol to a patient as a leukotoxin for leukemia, occupational therapy would put the same patient to work in a canning factory where the fumes of hot benzine would ‘keep her in good health’ while she supported herself…. Each human activity could be associated with a physical effect" (Peloquin, 1991).

16. And now… Barton believed that actual work could act as a cure Consider a client with: 1. Depression 2. Life-sided neglect Using Barton’s theory, what could you “prescribe” the client besides medication or exercises to therapeutically help his/her condition? Meyer believed in getting to know the individual client because specific activities that individuals find meaningful can help him/her therapeutically Turn to your neighbor and conduct a brief interview to decide what activities you could utilize as an OT if she was your client and had one of the above diagnoses

17. References American Occupational Therapy Association. (2009). AOTA: A historical perspective. Retrieved from American Occupational Therapy Association. (2009). AOTA: A historical perspective. Retrieved from http://www.aota.org/About/39983.aspx Bing, R. (1981). Occupational therapy revisited: A paraphrastic journey. American Bing, R. (1981). Occupational therapy revisited: A paraphrastic journey. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 35, 499–518. Retrieved from http://www.aota. org/ Practitioners/Resources/Slagle/1981.aspx Gordon, D. M. (2009). The history of occupational therapy. In E. B. Crepeau, E. S. Cohn, & Gordon, D. M. (2009). The history of occupational therapy. In E. B. Crepeau, E. S. Cohn, & B. A. Boyt Schell (Eds.), Willard & Spackman’s Occupational Therapy (11 th ed.) (pp.202-215). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Peloquin, S.M. (1991). Looking Back--Occupational Therapy Service: Individual and Collective Understandings of the Founders, Part 1. American Journal ofOccupational Therapy, 45, 352-260. Retrieved from http://www1.aota.org/ajot/ abstract.asp?IVol=45&INum=4&ArtID=9&Date=April%201991 Peloquin, S.M. (1991). Looking Back--Occupational Therapy Service: Individual and Collective Understandings of the Founders, Part 1. American Journal ofOccupational Therapy, 45, 352-260. Retrieved from http://www1.aota.org/ajot/ abstract.asp?IVol=45&INum=4&ArtID=9&Date=April%201991 Quiroga, V.A.M. (1995). Occupational therapy: The first 30 years 1900-1930. Maryland: The Quiroga, V.A.M. (1995). Occupational therapy: The first 30 years 1900-1930. Maryland: The American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc. Reed, K. L., & Sanderson, S. N. (1999). Concepts of occupational therapy (4 th ed.). Reed, K. L., & Sanderson, S. N. (1999). Concepts of occupational therapy (4 th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Ryan, S. E., & Sladyk, K. (Eds.). (2005). Ryan’s occupational therapy assistant: Principles, practice Ryan, S. E., & Sladyk, K. (Eds.). (2005). Ryan’s occupational therapy assistant: Principles, practice issues, and techniques (4 th ed.). New Jersey: Slack. Soylent Communications. (2009). [Picture of Adolf Meyer]. Adolf Meyer. Retrieved from Soylent Communications. (2009). [Picture of Adolf Meyer]. Adolf Meyer. Retrieved from http://www.nndb.com/people/022/000119662/ Stein, F., & Cutler, S. K. (2002). Psychosocial occupational therapy: A holistic approach (2 nd ed.). New Stein, F., & Cutler, S. K. (2002). Psychosocial occupational therapy: A holistic approach (2 nd ed.). New York: Delmar Thomson Learning.