1. Introduction to SQL

2. SQL What is SQL SQL Components Syntax & Conventions SQL Data Types INNER JOIN SELECT Statements

3. What Is SQL? SQL (Structured Query Language) – Is a standard language to create, modify, manipulate, and query relational database SQL – is traditionally a nonprocedural Language. – A procedural language, like FORTRAN or C, describes instructions to the computer by HOW to proceed. – A nonprocedural language describes WHAT to produce. SQL3 (1999) – contains procedural features—BEGIN-END block, IF statement, functions. SQL is an open standard—not owned by a company

4. Brief History of SQL Developed by IBM in the 70’s, along with Relational DB Officially released in 1981 as SQL SQL-86 – ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard – ISO (International Standards Organization) standard SQL-89 (SQL1) SQL-92 (SQL2) SQL-99 (SQL3) New Standards – Support for Internet – Support for XML – Support for Java – Support for OOP

5. Why Use SQL? SQL can do things Access Design Window cannot – E.g., subquery SQL can be used from other applications – E.g., from MS Excel, VB – Web applicaitions SQL is independent of MS Access

6. SQL Components DDL (Data Definition Language) – e.g., CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE DML (Data Manipulation Language) – e.g., SELECT field FROM table DCL (Data Control Language) – e.g., for internal security

7. DDL CREATE TABLE ALTER TABLE DROP TABLE CREATE INDEX

8. DML SELECT UNION UPDATE DELETE -- delete a row INSERT INTO -- insert a row SELECT INTO -- select fields into newTable PARAMETER -- allows user to enter information interactively

9. SELECT Statement with one table SELECT title, price FROM Books Given: Books (bkID, title, price)

10. SELECT Statement with condition SELECT title, price FROM Books WHERE Books.price >= 25.0

11. Arranging in Ascending or Descending Order SELECT title, price FROM Books ORDER BY title SELECT title, price FROM Books ORDER BY price DESC

12. Ordering by More Than One Field SELECT * FROM Books ORDER BY price, title

13. Your Turn Given: Persons(lastName, firstName, address, city, ZIP, state)  Write an SQL statement for a view containing 1.lastName, firstName, state of persons from the state of “AZ” 2.People (all fields) ordered by their last name 3.lastName, firstName, state of persons arranged by the state and then by last name.

14. SELECT Statement from two tables SELECT Books.title, Books.price, Publishers.pubName FROM Publishers INNER JOIN Book ON Publishers.pubID = Books.pubID; Books bkID title price pubID Publishers pubID pubName

15. Inner Join bkIDtitlepricepubID 1b12b132 2B22b232 3b32b331 4b42b431 pubIDpubName 1p11 2p21 3p23 4p24 BooksPublishers bkIDTitlePricepubID pubName 1b12b1322p21 2b22b2322p21 3b32b3311p11 4b42b4311p11 Books Inner Join Publishers On Books.pubID = Publishers.pubID

16. SELECT Statement from Two Tables SELECT Books.title, Books.price, Publishers.pubName FROM Publishers INNER JOIN Book ON Publishers.pubID = Books.pubID WHERE Books.price > 25; Books bkID title price pubID Publishers pubID pubName

17. Your Turn Given: Books (ISBN, title, price, pubID) Publishers (putID, pubName, pubPhone) Write an SQL statement to return 1. ISBN, title, price, and pubName of all books 2. title, price, pubName of all books published by “Alpha House” 3. Title, price pubName of all books which cost $25 or over and published by “Alpha House”

18. Syntax and Conventions Case insensitive, but Use UPPERCASE for keywords (convention) Statements can be broken up over multiple lines Each SQL statement ends with a semicolon Capitalize table names (our convention) For Access: BooksAuthors or [Books/Authors}

19. SQL Data Types BOOLEAN, LOGICAL BYTE, INTEGER COUNTER, AUTOINCREMENT CURRENCY, MONEY DATE, DATETIME SHORT, SMALLINT LONG, INTEGER SINGLE, REAL Yes/No Number size = byte Autonumber, size = long Currency Date/Time Number, size = Integer Number, size = Long Integer Number, size = single SQL Data TypeAccess Field Type

20. SQL Data Types (cont.) DOUBLE, FLOAT, NUMBER TEXT, CHAR, STRING LONGTEXT, MEMO Number, size = Double TEXT Memo SQL Data TypeAccess Field Type

21. Joining Tables Books bkID bkTitle pubID Publishers pubID pubName pubPhone Authors auID auName auPone BooksAuthors bkID auID

22. Inner Join Books INNER JOIN Publishers ON Books.pubID = Publishers.pubID SELECT title, pubName FROM Books INNER JOIN Publishers ON Books.pubID = Publishers.pubID

23. Nested Joins SELECT Books.title, Authors.auName FROM Books INNER JOIN (Authors INNER JOIN BooksAuthors ON Authors.auID = BooksAuthors.auID) ON Books.ISBN = BooksAuthors.ISBN; Display Book titles and their Authors. Books ISBN title price pubID BooksAuthors bkID auID Authors auID auName

24. Relating Many Tables Books bkID title price pubID BooksAuthors ISBN auID Authors auID auName Publishers pubID pubName Display book titles, their authors, and their publishers.

25. Relating Many Tables Books bkID title price pubID BooksAuthors bkID auID Authors auID auName Publishers pubID pubName SELECT Books.title, Authors.auName, Publishers.pubName FROM Authors INNER JOIN (BooksAuthors INNER JOIN (Books INNER JOIN Publishers ON Books.pubID = Publishers.pubID ) ON BooksAuthors.bkID = Books.bkID ) ON Authors.auID = BooksAuthors.auID

26. Practice with Access Write SQL statements to display the following. Then create Access queries to answer the same questions and check their SQL statements.  Display the authors’ names and their phone numbers  Display the phone number of author named “Snoopy”  Display titles and price of all books which cost $300 or more (Download library2.mdb)

27. Practice with SQL  Display titles and prices of books and their publishers’ names  Display the book titles and their authors  Display the book tittles, their authors, and their publishers  Display titles and prices of books by publisher named “Big House”  Display all books by author named “Sleepy”  Display books between $20 and $30 and their authors  Display books that are less than $20 or more than $30 and their authors

28. ON Clause Or WHERE Clause ON clause is part of INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, & RIGHT JOIN WHERE places conditions on data values to be displayed. (Think of WHERE as a filter to restrict rows--can provide additional restriction.)

29. ON or WHERE SELECT Books.Title, Publishers.pubName FROM Books INNER JOIN Publishers ON Books.pubID = Publishers.pubID is equivalent to SELECT Books.Title, Publishers.pubName FROM Books, Publishers WHERE Books.pubID = Publishers.pubID;

30. Can This Be Simplified? SELECT Books.title, Authors.auName, Publishers.pubName FROM Authors INNER JOIN (BooksAuthors INNER JOIN (Books INNER JOIN Publishers ON Books.pubID = Publishers.pubID ) ON BooksAuthors.bkID = Books.bkID ) ON Authors.auID = BooksAuthors.auID

31. Recall if (cond1) { statement1 } else { if (cont2) { statement2 } else { if (cond3) { statement3 } } } if (cond1){ statement1} else if (cond2){ statement2} else if (cond3){ statement3} Is equivalent to

32. Analogously… SELECT Books.title, Authors.auName, Publishers.pubName FROM Authors INNER JOIN (BooksAuthors INNER JOIN (Books INNER JOIN Publishers ON Books.pubID = Publishers.pubID ) ON BooksAuthors.bkID = Books.bkID ) ON Authors.auID = BooksAuthors.auID is equivalent to SELECT Books.title, Authors.auName, Publishers.pubName FROM Authors, BooksAuthors,Books, Publishers WHERE Authors.auID = BooksAuthor.auID AND BooksAuthor.bkID = Books.bkID AND Books.pubID = Publishers.pubID

33. UPDATE Statement First, make a copy of the Books table--so that you can preserve the original table. Change the price of “Iliad” to $50. UPDATE Books2 SET Books2.Price = 50 WHERE BOOKS2.Title="iliad"; What will result from the following? UPDATE Books2 SET Books2.Price = 50;

34. UPDATE Statement (cont.) Raise the price of all books from publisher “Big House” by 10 % – Note: subquery SELECT pubID FROM Publishers WHERE pubName = “Big House” UPDATE Books SET price = price * 1.1 WHERE Books2.pubID = Subquery

35. Raise the price of all books from publisher “Big House” by 10 % UPDATE Books2 SET Books2.price = Books2.price * 1.1 WHERE Books2.pubID = (SELECT Publishers.pubID FROM Publishers WEHRE pubName = “Big House”)

36. Alternately… UPDATE Books2 INNER JOIN Publishers ON Books2.pubID = Publishers.pubID SET Books2.price = price*1.1 WHERE Publishers.pubName=”Big House";

37. UPDATE with Values from Another Table Update Price column in Books2 table, with new prices from table NewPrices (ISBN, price). UPDATE Books2 INNER JOIN NewPrices ON Books2.ISBN = NewPrices.ISBN SET Books2.price = NewPrices.price WHERE Books2.prices <> NewPrices.price

38. Previewing Update To check which records will be modified by the UPDATE statement… SELECT Books.* FROM Books INNER JOIN NewPrices ON Books.ISBN = NewPrices.ISBN WHERE BOOKS.Price<>NewPrices.Price;

39. Your Turn 1. Change Author Shakespeare’s telephone number to “999-8888” 2. Reduce the price of all books from publisher “Small House” by 5% 3. Raise the price of all books by Author Shakespeare by 5% (solution)solution

40. Raise by 5% the price of all books by Shakespeare UPDATE Books2 SET bkPrice =1.05 * bkPrice WHERE Books2.bkID IN (SELECT BooksAuthors2.bkID FROM BooksAuthors2, Authors2 WHERE BooksAuthors2.auID = Authors2.auID AND Authors2.auName = "Shakespeare" ) Back

41. Difference between “=” and “IN” UPDATE Books2 SET bkPrice =1.05 * bkPrice WHERE Books2.bkID = (SELECT BooksAuthors2.bkID... ) UPDATE Books2 SET bkPrice =1.05 * bkPrice WHERE Books2.bkID IN (SELECT BooksAuthors2.bkID FROM BooksAuthors2, Authors2 WHERE BooksAuthors2.auID IN Authors2.auID AND Authors2.auName = "Shakespeare" ) OK if subquery returns only one value Necessary when subquery can return more than one value

42. INSERT INTO Statement INSERT INTO Books2 VALUES (“1-1111-1111-1”, “SQL Is Fun”, 1, 25.00) INSERT INTO Books2 (ISBN, Title) VALUES (“2-2222-2222-2”, “Born to Code”)

43. INSERT INTO Statement (cont.) Given: Publishers2 (pubID, pubName, pubPhone) where pubID is autonumber type Insert a new publisher INSERT INTO Publisher2(pubName, pubPhone) VALUES (“Aloha Press”, “808-738-2222”)

44. Your Turn  Add the following record to Books2 ISBN: 1-2345-6789-0 Title: SQL for Dummies Publisher ID: 3 Price: $35.50  Add the following record to Authors2 auName: Brando auPhone: 222-2222  Add the following record to Publihsers2 pubName: Aina Haina Associates pubPhone: 555-5555