Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byRachel Marilyn Robbins Modified over 8 years ago
2
Multiple Encryption & DES clearly a replacement for DES was needed Vulnerable to brute-force key search attacks Vulnerable to brute-force key search attacks Can DES be patched and saved?
3
Double-DES? could use 2 DES encrypts on each block C = E K2 (E K1 (P)) C = E K2 (E K1 (P)) issue of reduction to 1-DES; “is DES a group?” Campbell, Wiener in 1992: NO! “meet-in-the-middle” attack works whenever use a cipher twice works whenever use a cipher twice since X = E K1 (P) = D K2 (C) since X = E K1 (P) = D K2 (C) attack by encrypting P with all keys and store attack by encrypting P with all keys and store then decrypt C with keys and match X value then decrypt C with keys and match X value Basic round of the attack takes 2 * 2 56 encryptions/decryptions; we may have to repeat it a few times. Basic round of the attack takes 2 * 2 56 encryptions/decryptions; we may have to repeat it a few times. Show on board Show on board
4
Triple-DES with Two-Keys hence must use 3 encryptions would seem to need 3 distinct keys would seem to need 3 distinct keys but can use 2 keys with E-D-E sequence C = E K1 (D K2 (E K1 (P))) C = E K1 (D K2 (E K1 (P))) because encrypt & decrypt equivalent in security because encrypt & decrypt equivalent in security if K1=K2 then can work with single DES if K1=K2 then can work with single DES standardized in ANSI X9.17 & ISO8732 no current known practical attacks
5
Triple-DES with Three-Keys although are no practical attacks on two- key, Triple-DES has some drawbacks can use Triple-DES with Three-Keys to avoid even these C = E K3 (D K2 (E K1 (P))) C = E K3 (D K2 (E K1 (P))) has been adopted by some Internet applications, eg PGP, S/MIME
6
Modes of Operation block ciphers encrypt fixed size blocks eg. DES encrypts 64-bit blocks with 56-bit key eg. DES encrypts 64-bit blocks with 56-bit key need some way to en/decrypt arbitrary amounts of data in practice ANSI X3.106-1983 Modes of Use (now FIPS 81) defines 4 possible modes There are 5 modes that are in common use
7
Electronic Codebook Book (ECB) message is broken into independent blocks which are encrypted each block is a value which is substituted, like a codebook, hence name each block is encoded independently of the other blocks C i = DES K1 (P i ) uses: secure transmission of single values
8
Electronic Codebook Book (ECB)
9
Problems with ECB message repetitions may show in ciphertext if aligned with message block if aligned with message block or with messages that change very little, which become a code-book analysis problem or with messages that change very little, which become a code-book analysis problem Used rarely; main use is sending a few blocks of data
10
Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) message is broken into blocks linked together in encryption operation each previous cipher blocks is chained with current plaintext block, hence name use Initial Vector (IV) to start process C i = E K (P i XOR C i-1 ) C -1 = IV uses: bulk data encryption
11
Cipher Block Chaining (CBC)
12
Advantages and Limitations of CBC a ciphertext block depends on all blocks before it any change to a block affects all following ciphertext blocks Initialization Vector (IV) : different IV hides patterns and repetitions Error propagation: one error during encryption (rare) affects all subsequent blocks; one error during encryption (rare) affects all subsequent blocks; One error during transmission affects 2 blocks, the current one and the next one. One error during transmission affects 2 blocks, the current one and the next one.
13
Cipher FeedBack (CFB) message is treated as a stream of bits or bytes result is feed back for next stage (hence name) standard allows any number of bit (1,8, 64 or 128 etc) to be feed back denoted CFB-1, CFB-8, CFB-64, CFB-128 etc denoted CFB-1, CFB-8, CFB-64, CFB-128 etc most efficient to use all bits in block (64 or 128) C i = P i XOR E K (C i-1 ) C -1 = IV Used for stream data encryption
14
Cipher FeedBack (CFB)
15
Advantages and Limitations of CFB appropriate when data arrives in bits/bytes most common stream mode note that the block cipher is used in encryption mode at both ends errors during transmission propagate for several blocks only (till the “dirty” part is eliminated from the shift register).
16
Output FeedBack (OFB) message is treated as a stream of bits output of cipher is added to message output is then feed back (hence name) feedback is independent of message So feedback can be computed in advance
17
Output FeedBack (OFB)
18
Advantages and Limitations of OFB bit errors do not propagate Encryption and decryption of blocks can be done in parallel
19
Counter (CTR) a “new” mode, though proposed early on similar to OFB but encrypts counter value rather than any feedback value must have a different counter value for every plaintext block (never reused) C i = P i XOR O i O i = DES K1 (i) uses: high-speed network encryptions
20
Counter (CTR)
21
Advantages and Limitations of CTR efficiency can do parallel encryptions in h/w or s/w can do parallel encryptions in h/w or s/w can preprocess in advance of need can preprocess in advance of need random access to encrypted data blocks provable security (good as other modes) but must ensure never reuse key/counter values, otherwise could break.
22
Stream Ciphers process message bit by bit (as a stream) have a pseudo random streamkey combined (XOR) with plaintext bit by bit Similar to one-time pad, but pseudo-rand. key instead of random key randomness of streamkey completely destroys statistically properties in message C i = M i XOR StreamKey i C i = M i XOR StreamKey i but must never reuse stream key otherwise can recover messages otherwise can recover messages
23
Stream Cipher Structure general idea:
24
Stream Cipher Properties some design considerations are: long period with no repetitions long period with no repetitions statistically random statistically random depends on large enough key (current recommendation: >= 128 bits) depends on large enough key (current recommendation: >= 128 bits) properly designed, can be as secure as a block cipher with same size key but usually simpler & faster
25
RC4 a proprietary cipher owned by RSA company another Ron Rivest design, simple but effective variable key size, byte-oriented stream cipher widely used (web SSL/TLS, wireless WEP) key forms random permutation of all 8-bit values uses that permutation to scramble input info processed a byte at a time
26
RC4 Key Schedule starts with an array S of numbers: 0..255 use key to well and truly shuffle S forms internal state of the cipher // initialization for i = 0 to 255 do S[i] = i T[i] = K[i mod keylen]) // initial perm. of S j = 0 for i = 0 to 255 do j = (j + S[i] + T[i]) (mod 256) swap (S[i], S[j])
27
RC4 Encryption encryption continues shuffling array values sum of shuffled pair selects "stream key" value from permutation XOR S[t] with next byte of message to en/decrypt i = j = 0 for each message byte M i i = (i + 1) (mod 256) j = (j + S[i]) (mod 256) swap(S[i], S[j]) t = (S[i] + S[j]) (mod 256) C i = M i XOR S[t]
28
RC4 Overview
29
RC4 Security claimed secure against known attacks There are some attacks, none practical There are some attacks, none practical result is very non-linear since RC4 is a stream cipher, must never reuse a key There are concerns with WEP, but due to key handling rather than RC4 itself
30
Summary Triple-DES Modes of Operation ECB, CBC, CFB, OFB, CTR ECB, CBC, CFB, OFB, CTR stream ciphers RC4
Similar presentations
© 2024 SlidePlayer.com Inc.
All rights reserved.