1. Chapter 4 The Atom – Part 2

2. Subatomic Particles PARTICLESYMBOLCHARGEMASS (amu) LOCATION electrone-e- 00 orbit nucleus protonp+p+ +1 11 inside nucleus neutronn0n0 0 11 inside nucleus

3. Alchemy “The Golden Rule”

4. The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom (atomic number = Z) determines the atoms identity Gold Atom Lead Atom

5. Mass Number The sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

6. What element is represented below?

7. Carbon - 12 This is the symbol for the isotope carbon-12. Atomic number is 6. Mass number is 12.

8. Isotopes Isotopes are different types of atoms of a chemical element, having the same number of protons in the nucleus, but having different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus. Isotopes therefore have the same atomic number but different mass numbers. There are 275 isotopes of the 81 stable elements, in addition to over 800 radioactive isotopes, and every element has known isotopic forms. Isotopes of a single element possess almost identical properties.

9. Isotopes

10. Carbon - 12 Write the symbols for carbon-13 and carbon-14.

12. What is the average mass of a carbon atom? 12.01

13. Atomic Mass The atomic mass of carbon is 12.01 amu. Atomic mass is the average mass of all the isotopes of an atom. It takes into account the different isotopes of an element and their relative abundance.

14. What is the average atomic weight for chlorine if it has two isotopes? The percent abundance for chlorine-35 is 75.53%. The percent abundance for chlorine-37 is 24.40%. The mass for Cl-35 is 35.0 amu and for Cl-37 it is 37.0 amu. [(0.7553)(35.0 amu)] + [(0.2440)(37.0 amu)] = [26.4355] + [9.028] = 35.4635 the atomic weight of Cl = 35.5 amu

15. What is the average atomic mass for thallium, Tl? The two stable isotopes and their abundances are listed here.Tl-205 has a mass of 205.059 amu with an abundance of 70.48 % and Tl-203 has a mass of 203.059 amu with an abundance of 29.52 %. 204.5 amu

16. What is the average atomic mass for thallium, Tl? The two stable isotopes and their abundances are listed here.Tl-205 has a mass of 205.059 amu with an abundance of 70.48 % and Tl-203 has a mass of 203.059 amu with an abundance of 29.52 %. [(0.7048)(205.059 amu)] + [(0.2952)(203.059 amu)] = [144.5256] + [59.943] = 204.4686 the atomic weight of Tl = 204.5 amu

17. Common Uses of Isotopes Isotope Analysis Radiometric Dating Nuclear Medicine: –Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) –Positron Emission Tomography (PET scans)

18. Importance of Isotopes

19. Radiometric Dating

20. Half-Life The decay of radioactive elements occurs at a fixed rate. The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time required for one half of the material to degrade into a more stable material. Although the half-life pattern is the same for every radioactive isotope, the length of a half-life is different. For example, C-14 has a half-life of about 5730 years while Ir-192 has a half-life of about 74 days.

21. Half-Life

22. Carbon Dating

23. Nuclear Medicine refers to imaging techniques that use radioactive isotopes to detect and treat disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET scans) are examples.

24. MRI PET scan

25. MRI vs. PET Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is produced by measuring the magnetism of spinning electrons and protons and their interactions with nearby atoms when they absorb energy. This provides information about the chemical structure of organic molecules. MRI uses a magnetic field from super-cooled magnets and can often distinguish more accurately between healthy and diseased tissue. A contrast agent is usually used. MRI can provide pictures from various angles and construct a three dimensional image. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans measure emissions from positron-emitting molecules. Because many useful, common elements have positron emitting forms (carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen), valuable functional information can be obtained. The PET shows molecular function and activity not structure, and therefore can often differentiate between normal and abnormal (cancerous / tumor) or live versus dead tissue. PET scans are usually used to compliment rather than replace the information obtained MRI scans.

26. An atom of vanadium contains 23 electrons. How many protons does it contain? 23 p +

27. An atom of silver contains 47 protons. What is its atomic number? 47

28. An “atom” of sodium contains 11 electrons. What is its atomic number? 11

29. An atom contains 37 protons. What element is it? rubidium

30. How many electrons, protons and neutrons are in an atom of actinium with a mass number of 221? 89p + 89e - 132n 0

31. How many electrons, protons and neutrons are in an atom of rhodium-105? 45p + 45e - 60n 0

32. Homework  Chapter 4 Worksheet 1