1. Gender Statistics on Health Linda Hooper UNECE Statistical Division

2. What is health? Aspects of health Health as… outcomes - disease and health status (functioning/disability) risk factors

3. Conceptual framework for health determinants, interventions, and health status

4. Why health statistics? The general health of women and men is importance for them to participate fully and contribute to the economy. Statistics on mortality, morbidity, health facilities and health practitioners need to be collected, analyzed, and evaluated.

5. why health? Examining the sex differentials in various mortality/health indicators can be used as an indication of the status of women and men in a country or area within a country. Other health indicators can be used to evaluate the situation of women and men in a country (ie smoking behaviours)

6. Key issues related to health Biological differences Life styles and socio-economic influences Reproductive health Health and poverty

7. Biological differences between women and men Basic biologic and physiologic differences set women and men apart Has implications on the life expectancy of women and men Disease patterns characterising women and men

8. Life styles and socio-economic influences Play a key role in the health of a person Different exposure to risk factors Interplay of factors such as gender roles and stereotypes

9. Reproductive health Safe sex and right to decide when and if to reproduce Access to contraceptives and protection from high-risk sexual behaviour

10. Health and poverty Health is a dimension of poverty Poor health can result from and also cause poverty

11. Indicators of health Mortality measures Life expectancy at birth Infant mortality rate Age-specific mortality rates Maternal mortality ratio Diseases HIV/AIDS Circulatory system diseases Ischaemic heart disease

12. Indicators of health (2) Risk Factors Smoking levels Body mass index Abortion rate

13. Indicators of health (3) Health status Functioning level of the population (disability) Physical (Mobility) Emotional Cognitive Sensory Pain

14. Indicators of health Health is not only a matter of diseases and the most severe (and usually identified) types of disabilities

15. Mortality measures Life expectancy at birth -The average number of years a newborn could expect to live, given the prevailing age-specific mortality rates. Infant mortality rate -The number of infant deaths (during the first year of life) per 1,000 live births. Age specific death rates - Number of deaths in a certain age group divided by the number of people in that age group for a specific year. Maternal mortality ratio -The number of deaths to women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births.

16. Sources of data Survey used to measure risk factors Administrative records was to calculate mortality rates and measure the level of diseases.

17. Sources of data No regular surveys to measure the functioning of population and need to make this concept of health more visible between statisticians and users

18. Problems with data on health Quality of data collected by administrative records Coverage Measurement Definition – Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

19. Problems with data on IMR

20. Reasons to under-report infant deaths Old Soviet Live Birth Definition (almost countries have already changed the definition, but the issue is implementation) Registration is a parents’ responsibility and in some countries payment is required Negative incentives