1. Alternative Energy from Biofuels Alexandratos 2/12/10

2. What performance is required? US. Department of Energy. Idaho National Laboratory. (2009). Uniform-Format Solid Feedstock Supply System: A Commodity- Scale Design to Produce an Infrastructure-Compatible Bulk Solid from Lignocellulosic Biomass. INL/EXT-09-15423 www.inl.gov/bioenergy/uniform-feedstock www.inl.gov/bioenergy/uniform-feedstock U.S. Departments of Energy and Agriculture, Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-Ton Annual Supply (Apr. 2005) (USA). www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/final_billionton_vision_report2.pdf

3. What performance is required? Clean Cities: Ethanol Basics, Fact Sheet. (2008). DOE/GO-102008- 2655. Ecology of scale versus economy of scale for bioethanol production. Gwehenberger, G.; Narodoslawsky, M.; Liebmann, B.; Friedl, A. Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining (2007), 1(4), 264-269. Dutta, A.; Phillips, S. D. (2009). Thermochemical Ethanol via Direct Gasification and Mixed Alcohol Synthesis of Lignocellulosic Biomass. 144 pp.; NREL Report No. TP-510-45913.

4. What affects performance? Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines. Agarwal, A. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science (2007), 33(3), 233-271

5. Where can I learn about the chemistry? US Patent 7507341 - Method of and apparatus for converting biological materials into energy resources (Issued March 24, 2009) US Patent 6647903 - Method and apparatus for generating and utilizing combustible gas (Issued November 18, 2003) Donohue, B. S.; Selig, M. J.; Viamajala, S.; Vinzant, T. B.; Adney, W. S.; Himmel, M. E. Detecting Cellulase Penetration Into Corn Stover Cell Walls by Immuno-Electron Microscopy. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. Vol. 103, 15 June 2009; pp. 480-489; NREL Report No. JA-270-44987. doi:10.1002/bit.22281.Detecting Cellulase Penetration Into Corn Stover Cell Walls by Immuno-Electron Microscopy.doi:10.1002/bit.22281

6. Where can I learn about the chemistry? Perspectives and new directions for the production of bioethanol using consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulose By Xu, Qi; Singh, Arjun; Himmel, Michael E. From Current Opinion in Biotechnology (2009), 20(3), 364-371. Ethanol, biomass, and Clostridia. Baez-Vasquez, M. A.; Demain, A. L. Edited by Wall, J. D.; Harwood, C. S.; Demain, A. L. Bioenergy (2008), 49-54.

7. Recommended Reading List Natural Resources Defense Council and Climate Solutions. (2006). “Ethanol: Energy well spent. A Survey of Studies Published Since 1990.” http://www.nrdc.org/air/transportation/ethanol/ethanol.pdf U.S. Department of Energy. Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Biomass Program. (2003). Roadmap for Agricultural Biomass Feedstock Supply in the United States. DOE/NE-ID-11129. Revision 1. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/obp_roadmapv2_web.pdf