1. Tone Melodies Answers ː Yoruba tone melodies VCV nouns (6 contrastive)CVCV nouns (4 contrastive) Hk ͡ pák ͡ pá‘field’ M ɔ̄ b ɛ̄ ‘knife’ Làg ͡ bà‘adult’ HLbúrù‘news’ HMrír̃ũ ̄ ‘pain’ MLa ̄ k ͡ pò‘sack’ LHàk ͡ pá‘arm’bàbá‘father’ LMàga ̄ ‘chair’ MH ɔ̄ g ͡ bá‘stick’

2. Tone Melodies Answers ː Yoruba tone melodies CV verbs (3 contrastive)CVCV verbs (4 contrastive) Hf ɛ ‘to want’ Mfi ̄ ‘to put’ Lf ɔ ̀‘to wash’d ʲ òkù‘to sit’ HLg ͡ báb ɛ ̀‘to sweep’ MLk ͡ pa ̄ m ɔ ̀‘to keep’ LHg ͡ bàd ɛ ‘to meet’

3. Tone Melodies Review How do we know when there is a difference in the underlying tone of words?

4. Tone Melodies Review How do we know when there is a difference in the underlying tone of words? [ 2 2 3] [2 3 3] [4 4 p] k ʊ –t ͡ʃɔ r ɪ ‘horn’ k ɪ -s ɪ b ɔ ‘ear’ k ɪ - ɲ ap ʊ ‘breast’ If all the factors that can affect tone are taken out, so that the words have analogous environments for tone, then any different surface tone melodies must be because of different underlying tone phonemes.

5. Steps for finding how to write differences in meaning made by tone (3 of 3) 17.Study the Tone System A. Decide how many tone melodies there are B. Decide how many underlying level tone phonemes (contrastive tone heights) C. Find the tone phoneme distribution D. Predict the environment for any tone neutralization and tone allophones E. Find how to predict tone changes across morpheme and word boundaries F. Find differences in words and grammar made only by tone G. Find the functional load of tone H. Decide if/how to write tone in the orthography.

6. Steps for finding how to write differences in meaning made by tone (3 of 3) 17.Study the Tone System A. Decide how many tone melodies there are B. Decide how many underlying level tone phonemes (contrastive tone heights) there are C. Find the tone phoneme distribution D. Predict the environment for any tone neutralization and tone allophones E. Find how to predict tone changes across morpheme and word boundaries F. Find differences in grammar made by tone G. Find the functional load of tone H. Decide if/how to write tone in the orthography.

7. Steps for finding how to write differences in meaning made by tone (3 of 3) 17.Study the Tone System B. Decide how many underlying level tone phonemes (contrastive tone heights) there are 1. By the number of melodies 2. By contrast in analogous environments

8. How many underlying level tone phonemes (contrastive tone heights) are there? There can only be 4 contrastive tone melodies when there are 2 underlying level tone phonemes (unless there is both falling and rising in the word). HLHLLH(HLH) (LHL) There can only be 9 contrastive tone melodies when there are 3 underlying level tone phonemes. H M L HL HM ML LH LM MH

9. We find the following in CHUMBURUNG Ghana (Snider) kV-CVCV has 3 contrastive tone melodies when said by themselves [2 3 3][2 2 3][4 4 p] k ɪ -s ɪ b ɔ ‘ear’ k ʊ –t ͡ʃɔ r ɪ ‘horn’ k ɪ - ɲ ap ʊ ‘breast’ k ɪ –bak ͡ pa ‘shoulder’ k ɪ –d ͡ʒ af ʊ ‘fish scale’ ki–t ͡ʃ ini ‘vein’ k ɪ – ɲ ar ɪ ‘name’ ku–kuti ‘orange’ k ɪ –f ʊ r ɪ ‘rock’ ki–feri ‘month’k ɪ –par ɪ ‘pool’ k ɪ –p ɪ n ɪ ‘mortar’ kV-CVŋ has 4 contrastive tone melodies when said by themselves [2 3] [2 i] [4 p] [2 a] ku–suŋ ‘work (n)’ k ɪ –baŋ ‘paddle’ k ɪ –laŋ ‘hip’ k ɪ –paŋ ‘cutlass’ k ɪ –laŋ ‘jug’ k ɪ –t ͡ʃ aŋ ‘room’ k ɪ –d ͡ʒ aŋ ‘hut’ After looking at all other analogous groups, we find none has more than 4 tone melodies. So, we can claim there are only 2 underlying level tones, High and Low

10. Constrative Tone Melodies in ‘BELI Sudan CV has 5 melodies CVCV has 7 melodiesCVCVCV has 6 melodies [4] [4 4][4 4 4] d ̪ a‘meat’ ɲɔ r ɔ ‘poison’k ʊɾʊɓʊ ‘dove’ [3 3] ce ɾ e‘star’ [2] [2 a][2 2 a] ha‘cow’m ͡ bala ‘song’ t ̪ɪ ma ɾ a‘crocodile’ [p] [4 a][4 4 a] bi‘dog’g ͡ baⁿd ̪ a ‘cassava’k ɪ l ɪ ja‘stick’ [4 3] h ɔ l ɔ ‘buttock’ [2 4] [2 4 4] kab ɪ ‘roof’d ̪ɔ haj ɪ ‘land’ [B] [2 3] [2 3 3] də‘grandparent’g ͡ b ɛ t ̪ɪ ‘child’akaca‘donkey’ [C] [3 4] [3 4 4] p ɪ ‘bamboo’baja‘wing’k ɔ b ɪ l ɪ ‘finger’ There are two many melodies for only 2 underlying level tones. There must be 3 underlying level tones: High, Mid, Low.

11. Steps for finding how to write differences in meaning made by tone (3 of 3) 17.Study the Tone System B. Decide how many underlying level tone phonemes (contrastive tone heights) there are 1. By the number of melodies 2. By contrast in analogous environments

12. Important Factors for Contrast in Analogous Environment for tone melodies 1.Same part of speech 2.No borrowed words or compounds 3.Same noun class or verb class 4.Same syllable structure 5.Same type of consonants (only in some languages) Important Factors for Contrast in Analogous Environment for tone phonemes 1.Same part of speech 2.No borrowed words or compounds 3.Same noun class or verb class 4.Same syllable structure 5.Same type of consonants (only in some languages) 6.Same surface tone before and after the tone in contrast

13. How many underlying level tone phonemes (contrastive tone heights) are there? In the following words, there are 3 phonetic tone heights, but only 2 contrastive heights in the analogous environment of the second syllable. CHUMBURUNG Ghana [ 2 2 3] [2 3 3] [4 4 p] k ʊ –t ͡ʃɔ r ɪ ‘horn’ k ɪ -s ɪ b ɔ ‘ear’ k ɪ - ɲ ap ʊ ‘breast’ If instead ‘breast’ had the follow tone, it would be a third contrastive height. [2 4 3] *k ɪ - ɲ ap ʊ ‘breast’

14. Contrast in Analogous Environments for Segments kaβ ɪ k‘rain’ ŋa ɽ a‘glass’ 1.The words differ in meaning 2.Differ in sound at same beginning position of the word 3.The difference in sound between [-aβ ɪ k] and [-a ɽ a] cannot cause the sound difference between /k/ and /ŋ/. So, /k/ and /ŋ/ have Contrast in Analogous Environments. They are both segment phonemes. Contrast in Analogous Environments for Tones [ 2 2 3] [2 3 3] k ʊ –t ͡ʃɔ r ɪ ‘horn’ k ɪ -s ɪ b ɔ ‘ear’ L M 1.The words differ in meaning 2.Differ in tone at the same position of the word 3.The other differences in sound between the words cannot cause the L and M tone difference for the syllables /t ͡ʃɔ / and /s ɪ /. So, L tone on /t ͡ʃɔ / and M tone on /s ɪ / have Contrast in Analogous Environments. They are both from different underlying tone phonemes. (However, M tone is an allophone of H tone.)

15. Exercise 1: In the following words, how many underlying level tone phonemes (contrastive tone heights) are there? ‘BELI Sudan words said by themsevles [2 a] [2 3] [2 4] m ͡ bala ‘song’ g ͡ b ɛ t ̪ɪ ‘child’kab ɪ ‘roof’

16. Exercise 1: In the following words, how many underlying level tone phonemes (contrastive tone heights) are there? ‘BELI Sudan words said by themselves [2 a] [2 3] [2 4] m ͡ bala ‘song’ g ͡ b ɛ t ̪ɪ ‘child’kab ɪ ‘roof’ There are 3 phonetic pitches, and 3 contrastive heights in the analogous environment of the second syllable. (However, L falling tone is an allophone of Low tone.)

17. Class Assignmentː 1.Say how many underlying level tone phonemes (contrastive tone heights) there are in Yoruba. Give the evidence. Reading Assignment Tone Analysis for Field Linguists (2.3) pg. 29-33